Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/844

BELZONI. zoni's skill as a draughtsman was of great ser- vice to him in his archaeological investigations. His fine drawings of the royal tombs at Thebes were published in 1829 by his widow.

BEM, (1795-1850). A Polish revolutionist and Hungarian patriot. He was born at Tarnow, in Galicia, fought under Napoleon in the campaign of 1812, and entered the Polish Army, serving till 1825. He distinguished himself in the Polish revolution of 1830-31, rising to the position of commander-in-chief of the artillery. On the collapse of the revolution he took refuge in France. He took a prominent part in the insurrection of October, 1843, in Vienna. He succeeded in escaping and joined the Hungarians. He was intrusted with the command of the Army of Transylvania, amounting to 8000 or 10,000 men. Checked at first, he defeated the Austri- ans at the Bridge of Piski, and finally succeeded, in March, 1849, in driving both them and their Russian allies into Wallachia. After expelling the troops imder Puehner from the Banat, Bern, with his army increased to 40,000 men, returned into Transylvania, where the Russians had de- feated the Hungarians. Here he endeavored unsuccessfully to prevent the union of the Rus- sians with the Austrians. On .July 31 he was defeated by vastly superior forces at Scliassburg. At Kossuth's request he now hastened into Hun- gary, where he took part in the battle near Temesvar. Retreating into Transylvania, he there defended himself for some days against overwhelming numbers, and then made his escape into Turkey. There he embraced Islam, took the name of Amurath Pasha, and received a command in the army. He was wounded while suppressing an anti-Christian riot at Aleppo. He died there of the fever. Bcm was a man of unselfish character, of great zeal and devotion, and possessed fine military talents. He wrote a work on mnemonics, the Expose general de la methode ninemonique polonaise, etc. Consult: N. N. Lajos, Le general Bern (Paris, 1851) ; Czetz, Bems Feldziig in Siebenbiirgen (Hamburg, 1850).

BE'MA (Gk. pijixa, bCiiia, a step, raised place). The sanctuary of a church, so called by the Greek Church because the sanctuary end was raised above the rest of the pavement. • It begins at the outer edge of the choir, and is separated from the body of the church by the iconostasis or reredos, or choir-screen. See Cii.iNCEi, ; Choir; Chuhch,

BEM'BA. See Bangweolo.

BEMBERG, biiN'bar', He.xri (1861—). A French composer and conductor, born in Paris. He studied at the conservatory of that city, among his teachers being Dubois, Franck, and Jlassenet. He is widely known by many success- ful songs and piano compositions, but in France is chiefly recognized as a dramatic composer. His principal works are Le baiser de Suzon, a one-act opera, which met with but moderate suc- cess when first presented at the Opera Comique, Paris, in 1888, and the more ambitious and suc- cessful four-act npera-lrgende. Elaine, which was first heard at Covent Garden Theatre. London, in 1802, and afterwards in New York (1894).

BEMBICIDÆ, bem-bls'r-df (Neo-Lat., from Gk. jjififji^, bcmbix, a spinning-top, a buzzing insect, probaldy from the loud, wliirring sound which accompanies their flight). A family of fossorial Hymenoptera, which, with the Spheci- doe, are popularly known as sand-wasps (q,v,),

BEM'BO, PiETRO (1470-1547). One of the most celebrated Italian scholars of the Sixteenth Centui-y. He was born in Venice, May 20, 1470. Having studied at Padua and Ferrara, he early devoted himself to polite literature. He edited the Italian poems of Petrarch, printed by Aldus iu 1501, and the Terze rime of Dante (1502). In 150G he proceeded to the Court of Urbino, where he resided until 1512, when he went to Rome, where he was made secretary to Pope Leo X. On the death of that Pope, Bembo returned to Padua, where he became a liberal patron of literature and the arts, as well as a fertile writer himself. In 1529 he accepted the office of historiographer to the Republic of Venice, and was also appointed keeper of Saint Mark's Library. In 1539 Bembo, who had taken only the minor ecclesiastical orders, was un- expectedly presented with a cardinal's hat by Pope Paul III., who afterwards appointed him to the dioceses of Gubbio and Bergamo. He died January 18, 1547. Bembo united in his char- acter all that is amiable. He was the restorei of good style in both Latin and Italian litera- ture. His taste is said to have been so faS' tidious with regard to style that he subjected each of his own writings to forty revisions pre- vious to publication. Some of his writings are marred by the licentiousness of the time. Among his works may be mentioned the Rerum. Venefi- carum Libri XII. (Venice, 1551), of which ha published an Italian edition (Venice, 1552); his Prose, dialogues in which are given the rules of the Tuscan dialect; Gli Asolani, a series of disputations on love, etc.; Rime, a collection of sonnets and canzonets; his letters, Italian and Latin: and the work De Virgilii C'ulice et ■ Terentii Fabulis. His collected works were pub- lished at Venice, in 4 volumes (1729). Consult Symonds, Renaissance in Italy, Vol, II. (Lon- don. 1881).

BEM'BRIDGE BEDS. A division of the Oligocciic Tertiary formation, well developed aroiuid licmbridge, on the Isle of Wight, Eng- land. The rocks of this division aggregate 140 feet in tliickness, and consist of fresh-water, estuarine. and marine marls, and fresh-water limestones; they are highly fossiliferous. The Bembridge limestone, w'hich is the lower mem- ber of the group, contains, besides large numbers of fresh-water mollusks, remains of the mam- malian genei-a Anoplotherium, Anthracotheriura, Paheotherium, etc., and is considered to be the equivalent of the Montmartr« gypsum-beds near Paris, and of the Uinta group of Colorado and Wyoming.

BE'MIS, Edward Websteb (18G0— ), An American political economist. He was boni in Springfield, Mass., and graduated at Amherst College in 1880. He was professor of history and political economy at Vanderbilt University (1889-02), associate professor of political economy at the University of Chicago (1892-95), assistant statistician of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the State of Illinois (1896), and professor of political science at the State Agricultural College, Kansas (1897-99), In 1900 he was made director of the department of municipal monopolies in the Bureau of Economic Research, New York. He has published the