Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/83

ARNOLD. this was, however, very short. He died suddenly June 12, 1842. His domestic relations were most happy. In 1820 he married Mary, youngest daughter of Rev. John Penrose, rector of Fledborough, Nottinghamshire, and sister of one of his school and college friends, Trevenen Penrose. The story of his relations with his family and friends forms one of the most tender and beautiful chapters in a life rich beyond that of most men in charm of personal associations. His four sons, who survived him, were Matthew; William Delafield (1828-59), director of public instruction in the Punjab and author of Oakfield, who is commemorated in Matthew Arnold's poem, A Southern Night; Thomas; and Edward Penrose (1826-78), a fellow of All Souls', Oxford, and an inspector of schools from 1866 to 1877.

Arnold endeavored to promote a better understanding between the poor and the well-to-do. He lectured before mechanics' institutes, from May to July, 1831, published the Englishman's Register in aid of working people, and afterward, with similar purpose. contributed a series of articles to the Sheffield Courant. Some of the Register and Courant papers were reprinted by Stanley in a volume of Miscallenous Works (1845). He was also a member of the senate of the University of London from 1836 to 1838, when he resigned because of disagreement with the majority of the members as to the requirements for degrees in Arts.

As a classical scholar, Arnold was deficient in the elegances of the Eighteenth-Century tradition. Regardless of style, he viewed even the history of Livy with dislike. In the class-room his scholarship was most manifest in extemporaneous renderings. That he was well versed in the wider reaches of philological principle is shown by his three-volume edition of Thucydides (1830-35; 2d ed., 1840-42); although it is to be admitted that the value of that work lies chiefly in its exposition of those ideas respecting the essential continuity of history which, voiced in Arnold's Oxford inaugural, afterward determined the philosophy of Freeman. Dr. Arnold's literary fame rests finally upon his History of Rome (Vols. I.-III., 1838-42), which, as projected, was to terminate in the coronation of Charlemagne, bit was not brought beyond the close of the Second Punic War. The history was based on the epochal Römische Geschichte (3 vols., 1811-22) of Niebuhr. It is probably agreed that the representative portion of the work is that which offers what Archdeacon Hare has termed the first "adequate representation of the wonderful genius and noble character of Hannibal" (Stanley, ch. iv.). Free from partisanship or paradox, dignified without being wearisome, the history is notable both for its finished style and its sound and extensive learning. That it attends closely upon the ipse dixit of the German authority has been regretted by many. His other works include a volume of lectures on the Study of History delivered at Oxford, six volumes of sermons, besides traveling journals and miscellany. His chief claim to remembrance must rest on his noble life and character. "His Thucydides, his history, his sermons, his miscellaneous writings, are all proofs of his ability and goodness. Yet the story of his life is worth them all." (See the lines of his son, Matthew Arnold, in Rugby Chapel).

Consult: A. P. Stanley, The Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, D.D. (Boston, 1860), the authoritative work on Arnold, and one of the classics of English biography; Hughes, Tom Brown's School Days (London, 1857); Worboise, Life of Dr. Thomas Arnold (London, 1859); Fitch, Thomas and Matthew Arnold and Their Influence on English Education, "Great Educators Series" (New York, 1897); also, in German, Zinzow (Stettin, 1869) and Wittig (Hanover, 1884).

ARNOLD, (1823-1900). An English scholar. He was the son of Dr. Thomas Arnold of Rugby, brother of Matthew Arnold, and father of Mrs. Humphry Ward, the novelist. He was educated at Rugby and Oxford, taking his degree in 1845, and became a colonial school inspector in Tasmania. He embraced Roman Catholicism in 1856 and joined John Henry Newman at Dublin. He became professor in the Roman Catholic university there, and followed Newman to the Oratory at Birmingham. In 1865 Dr. Arnold temporarily abandoned the Catholic Church, and removed to Oxford, being a lecturer and examiner there and at the Royal University of Ireland. After the death of his wife in 1888 he was more closely associated with Cardinal Newman. He published a Manual of English Literature, which has been widely used; edited old English texts, including Wyclif and Beowulf, and with the Rev. William Addis, the Catholic Dictionary. A few months before his death he published Passages in a Wandering Life, containing much of interest concerning Cardinal Newman and other friends famous in the Tractarian Movement.

ARNOLD, (1800-53). An English clergyman and author. He was born at Stamford, graduated in 1821 at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1830 was appointed rector of Lyndon, Rutlandshire. He edited at different times the Churchman's Quarterly Magazine, the Churchman's Monthly Companion, and the Theological Critic; and published theological pamphlets and treatises, Short Helps to Daily Devotion (1847), and two volumes of sermons (Vol. I., 1845; Vol. II., posthumously, 1858). His reputation chiefly rests, however, on his large list of school-books, including particularly an English-Latin Lexicon (with Rev. J. E. Riddle, 1847), based on a similar German work by C. E. Georges, and a Practical Introduction to Greek Prose Composition (1838), and a Latin Prose Composition (1839), both of which have in England been highly valued and have passed through numerous editions.

ARNOLD, ar'nolt, (1811-98). A Russian composer. He was born at Saint Petersburg, was an army officer from 1831 to 1838, and subsequently a member of the civil service. In 1859 he won the prize of the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Society for the best ballad with his Svyetlana. Subsequently he lectured on musical topics at Moscow and Saint Petersburg, was a musical critic on the Signale at Leipzig from 1863 to 1868, and was appointed professor of vocal music in the Moscow Conservatory in 1870. His works include, besides the above-mentioned, an opera entitled The Gypsy, an Overture to Boris Godunoff, and many songs. In 1888 he became professor of the history of musical art at the Moscow University. His most important contributions to the literature of music are: a Theory of the Ancient Russian Church