Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/79

ARNOLD. 1686, and observed the transit of Mercury in the fall of 1690. An account of the latter observation is given in the work before mentioned.

ARNOLD, lir'nold, Sir (1832-1904). A popular English author, born at Gravesend, June 10, 1832. From King's School, Rochester, he went to King's College, London, and thence to University College, Oxford, where he won the Newdigate Prize for 1853. In 1854-56, he was master of King Edward's School, Birmingham; and in 1856 he became principal of the Government College at Poona, Bombay. Returning to England in 1861, he obtained a place on the editorial staff of the Daily Telegraph. At the death of Thornton Hunt he became chief editor of the paper. While at this exacting work he found time to translate a volume of Greek poems and to produce his most remarkable work, The Light of Asia (1879), a production notable for its lofty philosophy and the vividness and reality with which the scenery, climate, manners, and people of Hindustan, as they were 2000 years ago, are portrayed. Its full title is The Light of Asia; or, The Great Renunciation; being the Life and Teachings of Gautama (as told in verse by an Indian Buddhist). He subsequently published Pearls of the Faith (1883): The Gulistan (1889); Poems, National and Non-Oriental (1888); The light of the World (1891); The Tenth Muse and other Poems (1895); East and West (1896); The Vogage of Ithobal (1901), and numerous other works. He was made a companion of the Star of India in 1877; a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in 1888, and was decorated by the Sultan of Turkey and other Oriental rulers. He frequently visited the United States, reading there in 1891.

During the ten years following the publication of The Light of Asia, Arnold attained to his highest popularity. In the final estimate of his poetry, it will be discovered that his immense vogue was due largely to the freshness of his subject. He above all others popularized the philosophy of India. He was excellent at translation and paraphrase, but lacked the inventive genius of the great poets.

ARNOLD, (1834-65). An American poet and humorist, born in New York City. As a child, while living in Illinois, he showed talent for drawing and, on his return to the East, studied with a portrait painter in New York. He abandoned this career for literature, wrote several unimportant biographies, and contributed stories, poems, sketches, and critical essays to various periodicals, especially Vanity Fair, in which appeared the earlier of his once famous McArone Papers (begun in 1860). He served as a soldier in the Civil War. William Winter edited his Poems with a Memoir (Boston, 1870; new ed., 1889). Some of these are characterized by melodious sweetness and pathos, but recent anthologists pay only slight attention to them.

ARNOLD, iir'n.Mt, (1666-1714). A German theologian. He was born at Annaberg, Saxony, studied theology at Wittenberg, and in 1697 was appointed professor of history at Giessen. His chief work is his Unparteiische Kirchen und Ketzerhistorie (1699-1700), which, by reason of its spirit of toleration, may be said to have marked an epoch in church history. During his life he was constantly exposed to attacks from the orthodox party. His fifty-three other works include Die erste Liebe (edited by Lämmert, 1844), and Die Verklärung Jesu Chiristi in der Seele (1704). Consult Dibelius, Gottfried Arnold (Berlin, 1873).

ARNOLD, lir'nold, (1815-84). An American lawyer and politician. He was horn in Hartwick. N. Y., taught school, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1835, and in the following year removed to Chicago, where he soon became prominent as a politician. He was elected to Congress in 1860 and served for two terms, part of the time as chairman of the important committee on manufactures. He was also conspicuous as an advocate of the immediate abolition of slavery. For many years he was an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln, and he published an able Biography of Lincoln in 1866. He also wrote what is probably the best Life of Benedict Arnold (1880). Consult E. B. Washburne, "Isaac Newton Arnold,'' an address delivered before the Chicago Historical Society, of which Arnold was for many years president (Chicago, 1884).

ARNOLD, iir'nolt, A miller of the Neumark (Brandenburg), who lived in the time of Frederick II. of Prussia, and gave rise to a remarkable legal process. He complained to the King that his landlord, by making a pond, had taken away water from the mill; that he (Arnold) had therefore refused to pay rent for the mill, of which he held a lease, but had been condemned to pay by the unanimous decisions of two legal courts. The King took up the case, and, regarding it as an oppression of the poor, reversed the decisions of the courts, dismissed his high chancellor, imprisoned several other officers of justice, and gave orders that restitution should be made to the miller. Soon afterwards the King died, and under Frederick William II. the case was more coolly investigated, and the condemned persons were exonerated and recompensed for their losses by the State.

ARNOLD, (1780-1829). A jurist and poet of Alsace. He was born at Strassburg, studied there, and at Göttingen and Paris, and from 1806 to 1809 was instructor in French civil law in the law school at Coblenz. In the latter year he was appointed to the chair of history at Strassburg, and in 1811 was transferred to that of Roman law. His great work in jurisprudence is the Elementa Juris Civilis Justinianei cum Codice Napoleoneo et Reliquis Legum Codicibus Collata (1812). He also wrote in High-German, "Blessigs Totenfeier," and numerous other lyrics, and in the Strassburg dialect, Der Pfingstmontag (1816), a comedy in rhymed Alexandrines, much praised by Goethe.

ARNOLD, -ir'nold, (1815-71). An American soldier. He was born in New Jersey, graduated from West Point in 1837, and served as second lieutenant in the second Seminole War (1837-38). During the Mexican War, as first lieutenant in an artillery company, he accompanied General Scott's army and participated (1847) in all the operations from Vera Cruz to Mexico City. He was brevetted captain for bravery (August 20) at Churubusco. and major for gallant conduct (September 13) at Chapultepec. During the Civil War he helped repel the Confederate attack upon Santa Rosa Island (October 9, 1861), and distinguished himself, as