Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/77

ARNIM. II., and Arnim now left the Saxon service. He was seized by Oxenstierna in March, 1637, for alleged intrigues against Sweden, and was taken to Stockholm, but escaped to Hamburg in November, 1638, and thereafter devoted himself to freeing Germany from foreign domination. He was carrying on a campaign, as lieutenant-general of the imperial and Saxon forces against the French and Swedes, when he died at Dresden, April 18, 1641.

Consult: Helbig, Wallenstein und Arnim, 1632-34 (Dresden, 1850); Irmer, "G. von Arnim als kaiserlicher Feldherr in Pommern und Polen," in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte (Göttingen, 1879), and H. G. von Arnim, Lebensbild (Leipzig, 1894). See ;. ARNIM,, Count von (1824-81). A German diplomat, born at Moitzelfitz, Pomerania. He studied law and entered the diplomatic service; was appointed ambassador to the Pope in 1864, and during the Vatican Council of 1869-70, as ambassador of the North German Confederation, supported the German bishops who opposed the dogma of infallibility. He was made a count in 1870, and during the next year took a prominent part in the negotiations preceding the Treaty of Frankfort. During 1872-74 he was ambassador to France, but as he was opposed to the policy of Bismarck, the latter secured his transfer to Constantinople, and a little later caused him to be arrested on the charge of stealing and publishing State documents from the German Embassy in Paris. For this he was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. But he escaped punishment by remaining outside of the empire, chiefly in Austria, where he published many pamphlets attacking Bismarck. He died at Nice.

ARNIM, von (1781-1831). A German novelist and poet, born in Berlin. He is best known for a collection of folk-songs made with Clemens Brentano. and published (1806-08) under the title of the initial song, Des Knaben Wunderhorn. He studied the natural sciences at Göttingen and Halle, and received the degree of M.D., but never practiced medicine. His first work, Theorie der elektrischen Erscheinungen, showed a leaning to the supernatural, common among the German romanticists, still more strongly marked in his Hollins Liebeleben (1802), and Ariels Offenbarungen (1804). Der Wintergarten (1809), a collection of romantic tales, was followed in 1810 by a striking novel, Die Gräfin Dolores. Halle und Jerusalem (1811) is a humorous romance, and Isabelle von Ägypten (1811) a mediocre novel. Two years later he collected his dramas. In 1817 he produced his last and best romance, Die Kronenwächter, a story of the days of Emperor Maximilian. His works are careless in form, incoherent in structure, and romantically whimsical, but they show a remarkable originality of invention. They were collected, with an introduction by Wilhelm Grimm, in twenty volumes (1839-48). There is a brilliant eulogy of Arnim in Heine's Deutschland.

AR'NO (anciently, Lat. Arnus). One of the largest rivers in Italy, rising on Mount Falterona in the Apennines, at the eastern end of Tuscany, at an elevation of over 5000 feet (Map: Italy, E 4). Near Arezzo it is connected with the Tiber through the canalized portion of the Chiana, and near that place enters the Val d'Arno, one of the most fruitful and beautiful valleys of Italy. It passes Florence and enters the Mediterranean six miles west of Pisa. In former times that city was situated at its mouth. The entire length of the Arno is about 140 miles; its most important tributaries are the Chiana and Sieve. It is navigable for barges as far as Florence. The Arno is subject to frequent rises, and in some parts of its course the banks are protected by dykes.

ARNO'BIUS, called An early Christian writer sometimes called Arnobius the Elder. He lived about A.D. 300, and was a native of Numidia in Africa. He was a professor of rhetoric at Sicca, and although at first an opponent of the Christians, was early converted. His fame rests chiefly upon his treatise, in seven books, entitled Adversus Nationes, which displays slight knowledge of Christianity, but is of interest as showing the arguments then employed in the conversion of heathendom. An English translation has been published under the title The Seven Books of Arnobius Against the Heathen (New York, 1888). There is an edition of the original (Latin) text by Reifferscheid (Leipzig, 1875).

ARNOLD, iir'nold, (1837—). An American soldier. He was born in Bedford, Pa., graduated at West Point in 1859, was appointed a brevet second lieutenant in the same year, became a first lieutenant in 1861, and served with marked ability throughout the Civil War, being brevetted captain in June, 1862, and major in May, 1864, "for gallant and meritorious services" at Gaines's Mill and Todd's Tavern, respectively. He received a regular major's commission in June, 1869, and became lieutenant-colonel in 1886 and colonel in 1891. Appointed brigadier-general in 1898, he commanded the second division of the Seventh Army Corps in Cuba during the war with Spain. He is the author of Notes on Horses for Cavalry Service (New York, 1869).

ARNOLD, (1615-78). A colonial governor of Rhode Island. He was born in England, but was brought by his father to America in 1636. He removed to Newport in 1653, and became first governor of Rhode Island (under the new charter) in 1663, and was reelected in 1664, 1669, 1677, and 1678. He seems to have built the celebrated windmill in Newport, whose erection was long ascribed to the Northmen.

ARNOLD, (1741-1801). An American general, known in the annals of the American Revolution as 'The Traitor.' He was descended from a prominent Rhode Island family, and was born in Norwich, Conn., January 14, 1741. He received a fair education, but being ambitious and reckless, twice left his home and joined the Provincial troops on the northern frontier. In 1762 he established himself at New Haven, as bookseller and druggist, embarked in the West India trade, prospered, and in 1767 married Margaret Mansfield, a lady of good family, who died in 1775. On receipt (April 20, 1775) of the news of the battle of Lexington, Arnold led a military company to Cambridge, and proposed an expedition to capture Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and was commissioned as colonel to raise