Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/74

ARNAULD. urged that after many years of conflict and exile, the aged man should seek some rest: "Rest!" he retorted, "have I not all Eternity to rest in?" The controversy which began with De la fréquente communion, in 1643, was continued in the Théologie morale des Jésuites. Upon the outbreak of the Jansenist controversy (see ), Arnauld took the field against his hereditary enemies. In 1641 he published a series of tractates against them, and these were followed, after intervals of peace, by new attacks in 1649 and 1656. In the last year, the Jesuits succeeded in bringing about his expulsion from the Sorbonne, after Arnauld had expressed his doubt whether the famous five propositions of Jansenius were really to be found in the book of the Bishop of Ypres. Since 1648 he had been living at the Port-Royal-des-Champs (q.v.), in friendship with Nicole, and with the great Pascal, the material for whose Provincial Letters Arnauld is said to have supplied. After the Jansenist controversy had been set at rest by the Peace of Clement IX., in 1668, Arnauld came into conflict with the Calvinists, whom he attacked in his La perpétuité de la foi de l'église catholique défendue (1669), written in collaboration with Nicole and followed by the Le renversement de la morale de Jésus-Christ par la doctrine des Calvinistes (1672), and the L'impiété de la morale des Calvinistes (1675). Although he enjoyed for a time the protection of Louis XIV., and seems to have been in close touch with the powers at Rome, Arnauld, in 1679, was forced to flee to Belgium, owing to the unrelenting hostility of the Jesuits. In exile the old man continued his feverish activity. After 1680 he plunged into a bitter controversy with his old friend Malebranche, concerning the latter's theory of grace — a dispute in which Arnauld with all his passionate impulses, and imbittered no doubt by years of persecution, seems to have gone far beyond the bounds of discretion and fairness. In 1681, too, he published a defense of the English Catholics in reply to the accusations brought against them in connection with the Titus Oates episode, in which Arnauld strangely enough took up the cause of his ancient enemies, the Jesuits. He also wrote a book directed against William of Orange, calling him "a new Absalom, a new Herod, a new Cromwell" (1689). He died August 8, 1694, near Liège, shortly after he had written a work entitled Réflexions sur l'éloquence des prédicateurs. The title of the 'great Arnauld' was given him by the Jansenists, one of whose foremost champions he was. His voluminous writings, comprising over 100 volumes in their original editions, were published in 48 volumes at Lausanne (1775-83), the last volume being a biography of Arnauld.

ARNAULD, (1591-1661). A French abbess, usually called by her conventual name, Marie Angélique de Sainte Madeleine. She was the daughter of the celebrated advocate, Antoine Arnauld. In her ninth year she assumed the dress of a novice; and concealing her age, her father induced the Pope to nominate her abbess of Port-Royaldes-Champs when she was a little over 11 years old. At first she longed for the freedom of the world, but in 1608 a sermon fully converted her. She then established discipline of especial severity, and became famous for her piety. Like the rest of her family, she was a Jansenist. She was afterwards superior of a new religious community in Paris; then prioress at Port-Royal, where her sister Agnes was abbess. She died in the convent of Port-Royal, Paris. See her life by Frances Martin (London, 1873).

ARNAULD (1588-1674). A French writer, born in Paris. He was the eldest son of Antoine Arnauld, the advocate, and brother of the great Arnauld, and was a person of considerable consequence at the French court, where his influence was beneficial. At the age of 55 he retired to the solitude of Port-Royal-des-Champs, where he devoted himself to religious history and biography. His chief works are translations, such as those of the Confessions de Saint Augustin, and his Vies des Saints Pères du desert (1668), translated into English as Lives of the Fathers of the Desert (1757). He also wrote some religious verse.

ARNAULT, ar-'no', (1766-1834). A French poet and dramatist. He was born in Paris, January 1, 1766, and died at Goderville, September 10, 1834. He is remembered for his satirical fables, for his Souvenirs d'un sexagénaire (4 vols., 1833), which contain many interesting facts concerning the inner history of France up to 1804; and, most of all, for several graceful poems, one of which, "La Feuille," is known to every French school child. He first obtained celebrity through his tragedies, Marius à Minturnes (1791) and Lucrèce (1702), and wrote the libretti to Méhul's operas, Horatius Cocles and Phrosine et Mélidore. His tragedy Les Vénétiens was produced at the Théâtre Français, in Paris, September 12, 1798, and was very successful. Upon the second restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, Arnault was officially included in the proscription of 1816 and fled to Belgium, where he wrote his two books of fables. These books, together with six others of a similar nature, written in 1813, were published in 1826 under the title of Fables et poèsies. Arnault was a representative of classicism and a pronounced opponent of the romantic school. In 1819 he collaborated with Jay, Jouy, and De Norvins in the publication of the once famous Biographie nouvelle des contemporains (8 vols., 1820-25). In recognition of his celebrated biography Vie politique et militaire de Napoléon (2 vols., 1822-26), a work full of curious facts and piquant revelations. Napoleon, while at Elba, settled upon the author a legacy of 100,000 francs. The works of Arnault were edited by himself in 1818, 1823, and 1827; all of these editions are somewhat incomplete.

ARNDT, arnt, (1769-1860). A distinguished German poet and patriot. He was born at Schoritz, which was then in Sweden, December 26, 1769. His father had been a serf, but achieved a sturdy peasant independence, and designed Arndt for the ministry. He has described his early years delightfully in Märchen und Jugenderinnerungen (1818). He studied at Greifswald and Jena, and was influenced especially by Goethe, Fichte, Klopstock, Bürger, and Voss. After he left the university he made journeys in Austria, Hungary, France, and Italy, and published an account of these travels in 1802. The first of his many political services was rendered in his book, Versuch einer Geschichte der Leibeigenschaft in Pommern und Rügen (1803), which contributed greatly to the mitigation and