Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/737

BEAUMONT. could be satisfactorily noted from the exterior. Beaumont was the first to obtain tlie f-^^trie juice from a living human being, and lie demon- strated, beyond a doubt, its chemical properties and digestive powers. He pulilished the result of his experiments iu 1833. Afterwards he re- signed from the army, and practiced medicine in Saint Louis, Mo., until his death.

BEAUMONTAGUE, bo-mon'ta-gu. A com- position of iron borings, brimstone, pitch, sal ammoniac, rosin, and beeswax, which is used to fill up cracks and tiaws in an iron casting, and so to give falsely an appearance of solidity. The ingredients are melted in a vessel over an open fire, and when cooled, are rolled into small balls. When used, these are broken up, and a bit is inserted into the flaw. A red-hot iron passed over it forces the beaumontagiie into the crevices of the faulty article, which, when finished, bears no trace whatever of having Ijeen dealt with in this way. This term is of English origin and is seldom used in the United States.

BEAUMONT DE LA BONNINIERE, bo'-niox'dr la bfl'ne'nyar', Gustave Auguste (1802-66). A French " publicist. In 1831 he and Tocqueville were conunissioned by his Government to study the prison system of America. In 1840 he was' elected deputy from Sarthe, and sided with the so-called dynastic opposition. After the February Revolution of 1848, he was return- ed as a member of the Constituent Assembly, and liere maintained the character of a sincere but moderate Republican. He was appointed by Cavaigiiac Ambassador to England. One of the opjionents of the coup detat of 18.51, he was im- prisoned for some time in the fortress of Mont Vali'rien, and after regaining his liberty he lived in retirement. The writings on which his reputa- tion rests are: Du systeme p^nitentiare aux litats-Vnis, et de son application en France (2 vols., 1832 — partly by Tocqueville) ; Marie, ou I'exchivage aux Etats'-Unis (2 vols., 1835) ; and L'lrlande, sociale, politique, et religieuse (2 vols., 1839).

BEAU NASH. See Nash, Richard, and Jer- BOLU. Dorc.i.Ai!;.

BEAUNE, bon. A town of the Department of C'nte d'Or, France, in the ancient duchy of Burgundy, situated in a pleasant district on the river Bouzoise, about 23 miles south-southwest of Dijon (Map: France, L 4). The town is well built : it has a remarka1)le Thirteenth-Century parish church (Xotre Dame), and a fine hospital, founded in 1443 by Nicholas Robin, Chancellor of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. A communal college, a library of iJO.OOO volumes, and a museum are its chief public institutions. Its industries comju'ise distilleries, woolen-cloth and serge factories, and the manufacture of vinegar. Rcainie is the chief seat of the wine trade of Burgundy, and gives its name to one of the best of thi' Burgundy wines. Beaune, as early as the Seventh Century, was a fortress under the name of Belna, and had its castle and its enceinte. Population, in 1890, 11,808.

BEAUNE, (1601-52). A French mathematician, born at Blois. He con- tributed not a little to the development of Descartes's method in geometry, and his notes on Descartes's celebrated ClfomHrie have been incorporated in Schooten's edition of that book. The so-ealled 'Beaune's Problem' (which has been completely solved only by Jean Bernouilli), still given in the integral calculus, was for his time new and remarkable; it turns on the de- termination of the nature of a curved line from a property of its tangent. By contributions of this nature Beaune helped to pave the way for the integral calculus. He was also the first to treat systematically the question of superior and inferior roots of numerical equations (posthu- mous publication, 1659).

BEAUNEVEU, bo'n'-ve', (?-c.l400). A Flemish sculptor, painter, architect, and illu- minator. He was born in Hainault, and was the leader, with Sluter ( q.v. ), in the sehool of real- istic sculpture in Flanders and northern France that anticipated the Italian Renaissance in hu- manistic study. After working in sculpture and painting at Valenciennes (1361-62) he went to Paris in 1304 and was made Royal sculptor to Charles V., whose mausoleum he executed,, and besides those of Philip VI., John II., and Jeanne de Bourbon. After his return to Flanders in 1374 he worked at ilalines (Communal Hall), made tombs at Courtrai, and a statue of the Vir- gin for the belfry of Ypres (1377). In 1390 he "directed the work of sculpture and painting at the Duke de Berry's Chateau of Mehun. His finest remaining illuminations are in a psalter of the Biblioth&qiie Xationale in Paris (13,091 flf.), and the royal statues and other figures re- maining from his royal tombs are remarkable for masterly force and intense realism.

BEAUREGARD, bo're-giird'. Fr. pron. bo'r'-giir' or bor'glir', (1818-93). A Confederate general in the Civil War. He was born in New Orleans, graduated at West Point in 1838, and in the same year became second lieutenant in the engineer corps. He was engaged in important engineering work at Newport, Barataria Bay, and Fort McHenry until 1846, when he was sent to .Mexico, and distinguished himself in the war there. He became captain of engineers in March, 1853; was engaged in the construction of fortifications at Slobile. Lake Ponchartrain, and New Orleans until 1860, and in November of that year was appointed superintendent of West Point, which position he resigned on February 20, 1861, to serve in the Confederate Army. He was immediately made brigadier-general and placed in command of Charleston, where, on April 12-13, by the bombardment of Fort Sumter (q.v.), he began the Civil War. He defeated the Federal General McDowell at the first battle of Bull Run on July 21, and on the next day was raised to the rank of general. At tlie battle of Shiloh on April 6-7, 1862, he was second in command during the first day, and on the death of Gen. A. S. Johnston assumed chief command, subsequently withdrawing to Corinth, where he remained, in the face of General Halleck's sluggard advance, until May 29. In 1863 he defended Charleston against the attacks of Admirals Dupont and Dahlgren, and in the following year was in command at Petersburg, Va., where he retarded General Grant's advance upon Richmond. He afterwards served with the Division of the West, and surrendered with Johnston to General Sherman on April 26, 1865. After the war he was president of the New Orleans, Jackson and Mississippi Railroad from 1865 to