Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/728

BEARD. Popes -wore beards, are obliged to shave — an exception being made in the case of missionary orders and of a few individuals who receive special permission for reasons of health. Those of the Greek Church have constantly worn full beards since the middle of the Ninth Century. As a general rule, the wearing of beards is pro- hibited by army regulations, while encouraged in the navy; but climatic conditions or assign- ment to exceptional duty may modify the gen- eral rule; as, e.g. in the Crimea, the British soldiers were permitted to wear beards. Physicians recommend that the beard should be allowed to grow on the chin and throat in cases of liability to disease of the larynx or bronchia, because of the unavoidable removal of cuticle in shaving the throat. The beard itself is liable to the same diseases as the hair (q.v.), and to a peculiar disease called parasitic sycosis or 'barber's itch,' in which moderately red patches, covered with a purulent crust, ap- pear on the skin. Consult Philippe, Uistoire phUosophiquc. jmlitirjiie ct rcligieuse de la barhe (Paris, 1845). See Barber.

BEARD, George Miller (1839-83). A cele- brated American neurologist. He was born in Montville, Conn., graduated at Yale, 1862, be- came a phvsician at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York in 1806, and devoted himself especially to nervous diseases. During the Civil War he served as assistant surgeon in the United States Navy, and later investigated the relation of the brain and nerves and made special studies in clairvoyance, animal magne- tism, mind-reading, and spiritualism. He con- tributed to numerous medical journals, and pub- lished many books and pamphlets. His chief works are: The Mcdicul Use of Electricitij (1867); Eating and Drinking (1871); ^'ervons Exhaustion, Neurasthenia (1880); American Nervousness (1881); The Psychology of the Salem Witchcraft Excitement of 1G'J2 (1882); and Seasickness, its Nature and Treatment (1884). He collaborated with Dr. A. D. Rock- well on The Case of (luiteau (1882) and The Medical and Surgical Use of Electricity (1888).

BEARD, (1814-93). An American artist. He was born in Buffalo, N, Y„ settled in Cincinnati, and became a successful portrait painter. In 1846 he exhibited in New York his first composition, "The North Caro- lina Immigrants," which gave him a national reputation. Among later works are "The Land Speculator," "The Long Bill," "Out All Night," "Don Quixote and Sancho Panza," etc. He painted portraits of Clay, John Quiney Adams, W. H, Harrison, Tavlor, and many other public men. ' In 1870 he removed to New York, and in his later years devoted himself chiefly to ani- mal painting,

BEARD, (1799-1880). An Ameri- can clergyman, born in Sumner County, Tenn. He began' to preach in 1820, graduated at Cum- berland College (Princeton, Ky.) in 1832, was professor of langiurges there from 1832 to 1838, and at Sharon College (Miss.) from 1838 to 1843. From 1843 to 1854 he was president of Cumberland College, and from the latter year professor of systematic theology at Cumber- land University (Lebanon, Tenn.), He was the most distinguished theologian of the Cuinber- land Presbyterian denomination, and published two works of iinportance: Lectures on Theology, 3 vols. (1870), and Why I Am a Cumberland Presbyterian (1874).

BEARD, Thomas Francis (1842—). An American artist — better known as Frank Beard — born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was educated in his native city, and served in the Civil War in the Seventh Ohio Regiment, Mr, Beard began to do illustrating work when a boy, and all the best magazines in the country have had con- tributions from his active pencil. He is also a popular lecturer, in which field he became widely knowii through his 'chalk talks.' In 1881 he was made professor of aesthetics at the University of Syracuse.

BEARD, William Holbrook (1825-1900). An American artist, brother of James H, Beard (q,v,). He was born in Ohio, and first became known as a portrait painter. After several vears of travel and study in Europe, he settled in Buffalo. In 1860 he removed to New York, where he became a member of the Na- tional Academy in 1862. He soon acquired reputation as an animal painter, becoming very popular through his humorous and grotesque- portrayal of rabbits, bears, monkeys, etc., which he endowed with human attributes, and in them burlesqued human foibles. Among them are "Bears on a Bender," "Dance of Silenus," "Flaw in the Title," "Darwin Expounding His Theories," and "Bulls and Bears in Wall Street." He published a book of sketches called Humor in Animals (1885), and a text-book, Action iii Art.

BEARD MOSS. See Usnea.

BEARDSLEE, berdz'le, Lester Anthont (1836 — ). An American naval otiicer, born at. Little Falls, N. Y'. He graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1856 was executive officer of the ^yachuse'tt in 1864 when that ves- sel captured the Confederate privateer Florida,. at Bahia, Brazil, and in 1870 carried the first American flag through the Suez Canal. He was made a rear-admiral in 1895. From 1894 to 1897 he was commander of the United States forces on the Pacific Station. He discovered, surveyed, and named Glacier Bay, Alaska.

BEARDSLEY, berdz'li, Aubrey (1874-98). An English artist, born at Brighton. His first art work appeared in the Pall Mall Maya::ine in 1892, and he soon became widely known as an illustrator and a designer of book-covers and striking posters. His method was a fan- tastic juxtaposition of strong blacks and whites and highlv elaborated systems of curves, and has considerably affected modern decoration. Among his numerous illustrations are those for Malory's Morte d'Arthur, Oscar Wilde's Salome, Pope's' Uape of the Lock, and for several of Wagner's operas. In 1894 he became art editor of the yellow Book. He wrote and illustrated The Storu of Venus (1893) and Under the lliU, a novel (1896); and contributed posters, covers, and designs to the Yellow Book, the Savoy, and Le Courricr FrauQais.

BEARDSLEY, (1808-91). An American clergyman. Ha was bom at Stepney, Conn., and graduated with high honors at Trinity College, Hartford. He was associated for a" number of years with Saint Peter's Church, Cheshire, Conn., and with the Ohesh-