Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/713

BAZAR. mental bazars, the streets are covered with vaults, perforated with numerous apertures for light. Usually there is at least a central dome. Of the two principal bazars in Constantinople, the oldest was built in 1461. shortly after the capture of the city. The bazar is usually one of the priuciiKil monuments of a "Mohannnedan city; many cities had separate ones; Aleppo is said to have had 40. A good example is the cliief bazar of Adrianople, that of Ali Pasha — a brick structure. ISOO ft. X .500 ft. with a gate at each end and four side entrances, entirely sur- rounded by walls and covered with vaults, mak- ing it comparative)}' lu'e-proof,

BAZARD, ba'ziir', Saint Amand (1791-1832). A French Socialist and founder of Carbonarism in France. He was born in Paris, early entered the National Guard, and at the age of 25 was appointed a knight of the Legion of Honor. Shortly after the establishment by him of the Republican Society known as Amis de la Vérité, he organized in 1820 the famous French asso- ciation of the Carbonarists, founded upon the Italian organization of the same name, but adapted to the needs of the French revolutionists. The society grew rapidly in numbers and influ- ence: within two years after its establishment it embraced more than a quarter of a million members. In 1825 Bazard joined the Saint Simonists, and subsequently became the prin- cipal apostle of that movement, which under his influence spread rapidly. He followed up his public career on the new gospel by the pub- lication of the famous journal, L'Organisateur, issued by the followers of the Saint Simonist School, and containing an accurate record of its proceedings. The chief work of the school, how- ever, due also in great part to the influence of Bazard. was the Exposition de la doctrine Saint Simonienne (2 vols., 1820-30; latest ed., 1854). Owing to a schism among the members, Bazard severed his connection with the movement in 1831 and retired from public life. John Stuart Mill, in his autobiography, acknowledges his profound indebtedness to the writings of Bazard.

BAZARJIK, bifziir-jek'. A district town of Bulgaria, situated about 20 miles north of Varna (Map: Balkan Peninsula, F 3). It contains a, mosque and a number of churches, and has an important annual fair. Population, in 1888, 10,717. The town was twice taken by the Russians, in 1774 and 1810.

BAZAROFF, ba-zii'rdf. . Nihilistic medical student in the Fathers and Sons of Turgenieff (q.v.).

BAZAS, ba'zas'. The chief town of an arrondissement in the Department of Gironde, France, on the Beuve, 33 miles southeast of Bordeaux. It is built on a rock, rising from the river; has a cathedral and remains of fortified walls dating from the Thirteenth Century, and several interesting mediæval houses. It carries on a trade in cattle, wine, and timber. Bazas anciently belonged to the Vasates; during the Religious Wars it was the scene of atrocious excesses and reprisals on both sides. Population, in 1896, 4806.

BAZIGARS, bii'ze-garz'. A nomadic people of India, somewhat analogous to the gypsies of Europe. They recognize caste, are largely Mohammedan in faith, and forbid intermarriage with Hindus.

BAZOCHE, ba'zish', or BASOCHE. A guild consisting of the clerks attached to the Parlement of Paris, as well as the provincial parlements. When the French Parlement ceased to be the grand council of the King, and confined itself exclusively to administering justice, a distinction of name necessarily sprang up between those noblemen who formed the royal train and the attaches of the court of justice. The former were called courtiers; the latter, basochians. To keep up their dignity the Bazoche gathered round a mock king of their own, who resided at the Château des Tournelles or the Hôtel Saint Pol. The Bazoche as divided into chapters, each wearing the livery of its captain. In Paris there were several of these chapters: Bazoche of Parlement (du Palais); Bazoche of Châtelet; Bazoche of the Chambre des Comptes, which last body took the name of 'High and Sovereign Empire of Galilee.' Parlements in other parts of France had also their Bazoche. Their historical existence can be traced to the beginning of the Fourteenth Century, when Philip the Fair conferred on the brotherhood certain privileges. The President was called King, Prévôt, or Emperor. The principal authorities in this harmless monarchy, after the sovereign himself, were the chancellor, the masters of requests, the referendary, and the attorney-general. Henry III. suppressed the regal titles, and conferred all the privileges and rights attached to these offices on the chancellor. At this time it is said that the order included 6000 clerks. Still, the Bazoche continued to exist as a kingdom, minus its head, and affected on all occasions the language of royalty. Its jurisdiction included the consideration and decision of all processes and debates that arose among the clerks, being the court of last resort in such controversies. It administered justice twice a week, and also caused a species of coin to be struck which had currency among its members; but, judging from the proverb about la monnaie de basoche, it did not enjoy an immense credit in the outer world of hard cash. The mock monarch also enjoyed the privilege of selecting at his pleasure, yearly, from the French royal forests, a tall tree, which his subjects, the clerks, were in the habit of planting, on the 1st of May, before the grand court of the palace, to the sound of tambourines and trumpets. But this was not all. In the public sports this fantastic little kingdom was worthily honored; its chancellor had rooms at the Hôtel de Bourgogne; at the carnival the basochians joined themselves to the corps of the prince of fools, and to the performers of low farces and 'mysteries.' They also acted a species of satirical 'morality' (see ), in which they made extensive use of the liberty granted to them, in ridiculing vices and the favorites of fortune. Of course, they could not fail to provoke enmity and occasion serious scandal. Louis XII. patronized these amusements. In 1500 he gave the brotherhood of the Bazoche permission to perform plays in the grand salon of the royal palace. Francis I. witnessed them in 1538, but in 1540 they were interdicted. From these plays, however, the comedy of Molière was evolved. The Bazoche took an active part in the early Revolutionary proceedings, but the order vas suppressed by the general decree of February 13, 1791.

BAZZI, bat'se. See Sodoma, II.