Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/712

BAY SAINT LOUIS. , G 10). It is a popular watering-place, a notable attraction being a fine shell road along the beach. The leading industries are fishing, oyster cultivation, and canning, fruit-growing, and truck-gardening. Population, in 1890, 1974; in 1900, 2872.

BAY SALT. A name applied to common salt which is obtained from sea-water by solar evaporation. Such salt is obtained from salt marshes which exist along the coast of France, on the shores of the Mediterranean, and along San Francisco Bay, in California.

BAY STATE. A popular name for the State of Massachusetts, because previous to the adop- tion of the Federal Constitution it was called the Massachusetts Bay Colony. See States, POPt'LAR NaIIES of.

BAY WIN'DOW, or (corruptly) BOW WINDOW. A window first generally used in late civil Gothic architecture, so called because it forms a bay (q.v.) or projecting section of a room. The external walls of bay windows are, for the most part, either rectangular or polygonal, the semicircular form from which the term bow was probably derived having been unknown before the latest form of Gothic. Bay windows generally reach to the floor, and are frequently supplied with a seat, which is called the 'bay-stall.' There are many very beautiful examples in the colleges and halls of Oxford and Cambridge, as well as in the great feudal mansions. When used in upper stories, such windows are supported on corbels, or large projecting moldings. See.

BAZA, ba'tha (the Basti of the Romans). A town in Spain, situated near the River Baza, in the Province of Granada, about 50 miles east-northeast of the city of that name (Map: Spain, D 4). It lies in a rich plain, and is engaged in the production of wine, hemp, grain, fruit, oil, etc. There are also some manufactures. Baza contains several fine churches, including the collegiate Church of San Máximo, and a beautiful promenade. Population, in 1897, 11,992. Under the Mohammedans Baza was a lively centre of trade, and had 50,000 inhabitants. Isabella of Castile reduced the city after a seven-months' siege in 1489. In 1810 the Spaniards were defeated here by the French under Marshal Soult.

BAZA. A wild negro people in Upper Nubia; with neighboring tribes they are called Shangallas by the Abyssiuians.

BAZAINE, ba'zan', (1811- 88). A marshal of France. Entering the army in 1831, he served with distinction in Algeria, in Spain, in the Crimea, and in the Italian cam- paign of 1859. He took part in the French expe- dition to Mexico in 1862, and from 1863 till the end of the war held supreme command of the French forces. His behavior toward Maximilian was insolent, and he sought to throw on him all blame for the failure of the French plans. At the outbreak of the great war with Germany, Bazaine was at the head of the Third Army Corps, near Metz. After the battles of Wörth and Spichern he took command of the main French armies, and on August 14, 1870, began a retreat from Metz. Defeated at Vionville, Mars-la-Tour, and Gravelotte, he retired within the fortifications of Metz, which was immediately invested by Prince Frederick Charles. Attempts to escape failing, Bazaine capitulated October 27,

when 173,000 men, including three marshals and over 6000 officers, laid down their arms and became prisoners of war. In 1873 Bazaine was tried by a court-martial and sentenced to degradation and death for having failed to do his duty. The sentence was commuted to twenty years' imprisonment. But in 1874 Bazaine contrived to escape from the fortress on the Ile Sainte-Marguérite, on the southern coast, where he was confined, and ultimately made his way to Madrid, where he died, 1888. The bitterness of defeat, which rankles deep in the hearts of Frenchmen, makes it difficult to formulate a just estimate of Bazaine. Accused as a traitor by the general voice of the nation, he has also found apologists. His bravery was undeniable; but he was open to blame for his dilatoriness and his mingling of politics with war. It was probably political reasons that kept him in Metz until it was too late to break through. His condemnation was partly at least a concession to the national cry for vengeance. In his own defense Bazaine published Rapport sommaire sur les opérations de l'armée du Rhin du 13 Août au 29 Octobre 1870 (Geneva, 1871); and Episodes de la guerre de 1870 et le blocus de Metz (Madrid, 1883). Consult also: La Brugère, L'affaire Bazaine (Paris, 1874), for an official account of the court-martial; and Comte d'Hérisson, La légende de Metz (Paris, 1888), for a vindication of Bazaine.

BAZALGETTE, Sir (1819-91). An English civil engineer, born at Enfield (Middlesex). He was appointed chief engineer to the London Board of Works, and as such built large portions of the embankments and sewerage systems of that city. He constructed three bridges across the Thames, and also the famous embankments bordering the river. As an expert on practical questions of municipal engineering, he was well known.

BAZÁN, ba-than', . See.

BAZAN, ba'zHN-', . See.

BAZANCOURT, ba'zax'koor', , Baron de (1810-65). A French military historian; director of the Library of Compiègne, under Louis Philippe. He was born in Paris, and was ap- pointed official historiographer by Napoleon III., whom he accompanied during several campaigns. The results of these expeditions appeared in his works on L'expédition de Crimée jusqu'á la prise de Sebastopol (1856), La campagne d'Italie de 1859, and Les expéditions de Chine et de Cochinchine (1861-62). His other works include a Histoire de Sicile sous la domination des Normands (1846), and the novels, Georges le montagnard (1851), Noblesse oblige (1851), and La princesse Pallianci (1852).

BAZAR, ba-zai-', or BAZAAR (Ar., Hind., and Pers. bāzār, a market). An Oriental market, sometimes covered, sometimes open; the region of the city given up to shops. Such a market when the shops are grouped about a square is called usually a median. The bazar is a series of streets largely covered, devoted to shops of the better class. Those belonging to the same specialty are grouped in the same street and separated merely by a partition. It is here that auctions take place — of slaves, for example — and here that merchants and clients meet for the transaction of business. In the most monu-