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BAYEUX TAPESTRY. quest; for it gives the life of Harold, even during tlie lifetime of Edward the Confessor, the inci- dents of his journey to Normandy, his return and coronation, the Norman expedition, the battle of Hastings, aud Harold's death.

BAY IS'LANDS. A group of small islands in the Atlantic, situated off the northern coast of Honduras, Central America. It consists of the islands of Riuitan, Bonacea or Ciuanaja, XJtila, Barbareta, and a few others, and consti- tutes the Department of Islas de la Bahfa. The islands are somewhat mountainous, but the val- leys are very fertile. The population is estimated at nearly 3000, including over .500 Indians. The group was taken by England in 1852 and re- turned to Honduras in 1859.

BAY LAGOON'. A navigable fresh-water lake in the southern part of Luzon, Philippines, about 45 miles long and 15 miles wide in its broadest part. It has the island of Talim near' its centre, and on its shores are a number of im- portant towns, chief of which are Jlorong and Santa Cruz. It is connected with Manila Bay on the west by the Pasig River, about 10 miles long.

BAY LAU'REL. See Cherbt Laukel.

BAYLE, bal, Pierre (1047-1706). A French philosopher and critic. He was the author of ii famous Historical and Critical Dictionary (Uiclionnaire historiqite et critique), which passed through eight editions in 40 years (1097, 1702, 1715, 1720, 1730, 1734, 1738, 1740), and was twice translated into English (1709, 1734-41). He was born at C'arla, near Foix, November 18, 1047, of a Protestant family, stud- ied at Puy-Laurens and Toulouse, and showed the critical balance of his mind by professing Catholicism in 1669 and Protestantism in 1070. He taught for a time in Geneva, and in 1075 became professor of philosophy at the Protestant Academy of Sedan. On its suppression (1681) Bayle sought intellectual freedom in Holland, and settled at Rotterdam, where he received a salary from the numicipality as an imattached professor of philosophy. He now published his first important work, the sensational Pensees sur la cotnete, and a Critique gcncralc sur I'his- toire dti Calviniume du Pire Maimbour<i (1082), somewhat antiquated in style, but in thought a full generation in advance of his country- men. In 1084 he began to publish a literary magazine, Tfnuvelles de la rcpublique des Icttres, and greeted the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by two pamphlets, (V que c'est que la France touie eatholique sous le rcflne dc Louis le Orand, and Commentairc philosophiquc sur le Compelle Intrare (1080), which were denounced for 'preaching the dogma of religious indiffer- ence and universal toleration,' alike by Protest- ants and by Catholics, and was disavowed iron- ically by Bayle, who had the courage of his convictions, but not of their consequences. Such tactics, afterwards imitated by Voltaire, make his authorship of Avis aux rcftifiiiKi (1690) dubious: but in any case it intensified the ojiposition of Protestants, who now accused him of atheism, with the result that Bayle was deprived (1693) of his municipal pension and authority to teach in Rotterdam. This act he chose to attribute to his Cartesian philosophy, the ministers be- ing, he said, 'obstinate admirers of Aristotle.' Bayle now devoted himself wholly to compiling his Dictionary, originally as a work of pure eru- dition, to trace and rectify error in other works, but it became in the course of its compilation a. destructive criticism of received history and sys- tems, and so an arsenal of rationalism for the Eighteenth Century. The Dictionary makes no. pretense to completeness, but it acquires a kind of unity through its constant insinuation that the teachings of reason contradict the dogmas of religion, and that the rational man, in forming his morality, will consider only himself. In the articles of the Dictionary, and still more in the notes to them, Bayle's humor delights in daring impieties and Rabelaisian obscenities, after the manner of his time, possibly as a mask for his insidious dialectic. It popularized his work, but gave a handle to his enemies, who grew in number and virulence. To justify himself, he wrote four dissertations — On Atheists; On Maniehieans : On Obscenities ; and On Pi/rrho- nists; but his last work — lleponse aux questions d'un provincial (1703) and Continuation des pensees snr la coniete (1704) — showed that he still thought it, in his own words, "in no wise sure that the impressions of nature are to be ac- cepted as the expressions of truth." He died at Rotterdam, December 28, 1700. Bayle's private life was dignified and disint<'rested. His libertin- ism was wholly intellectual. His ideas and spirit penetrate like yeast the whole Eighteenth Century. Bayle's W'orls (4 folios, 1727-31, re- printed with additions, 1737) contains his inter- esting Correspondnncc. There is a conunentated edition of the Dictionnaire in 16 vols. (Paris, 1820), and a Selection of Unpublished Corre- spondence (Choix de la correspondane.e inMit4, f'openhagen, 1890). The Dictionnaire was trans- lated (4 vols., 1710; 3d ed., 5 vols., 1734-38). Consult : Desmaizeaux, La vie de Pierre Bayle (The Hague, 1732) ; and Feuerbach, Pierre Bayle (Leipzig, 1848). See also Brunetifre, Etudes critiques, 5th series (1893); Renoiivier, Philo- sophie analytiqne de I'histoire, Vol. III. (1897) ;. and Perrens, Lcs libertins en France au XVII. siecle (1896).

BAYLEN, bi-lfm'. See Bail^n.

BAYLEY, ba'li, Jame.s Roosev-elt (1814-77). An American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in New York, graduated at Washington (now Trinity) College, Hartford; was ordained a Protestant Episcopal clergyman, and for some time preached in New York. In 1842 he became a Roman Catholic, and two years later was ordained by Bishop Hughes. He served for a time as professor of belles-lettres and act- ing president of Saint Johr's College, Fordham, N. Y., and was secretary to Bishop Hughes from 1846 to 1853. w'here he was consecrated Bishop of Newark, N. J. He founded Seton Hall Col- lege, and many other institutions. In 1872 he was made Archbishop of Baltimore. He pub- lished a History of the J'oniau Catholic Church on the Island of A'ciP York (1853) ; Pastorals for the People, and the Memoirs of Simon Ga- briel Brute, First Bishop of Vinccnnes (1860). He was nuich esteemed for his social as well as for his intellectual gifts.

BAYLEY, Richard (1745-1801). An American physician. He was born in Fairfield, Conn., studied in London hospitals, began to i)ractice in New York in 1772, and in 1775-76 studied in