Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/703

BAVARIA. conquered by the Romans about B.C. 15. The rpfjioii was included piivtly in Vindelicia and partly in Norieuni. The Romans founded the colonies of Augusta Vindelieornm. 'Augusta of the Vindelici' (now Augsburg), Regina Castra ( l!egensl>urg or Ratisbon), and Castra Batava (Passau). At the time of the great migration of nations the ]!areomanni, moving westward from their seats in -Bohemia (Boiohaemum, so named from the Oltic Boii, whom the Marco- nianni had conquered about the beginning of the Christian Era), settled in Bavaria, which tootc its name Trom the new occvi])ants, who were known as Boiarii (possessors of the country of the Bc-ii). Dukes of the Bavarians ap])ear in his- tory as early as the Si.xlh Century. The bishop- rics of Passau, Freising, and Ratisbon were founded in the Eighth Century. Before the close of that century Bavaria had been brovight completely under the sway of the Franks. After the extinction of the Carlovingian dynasty, early in the Tenth Century, a new nuehy of Bavaria arose. In 1070 I'avaria passed into the posses- sion of the Guelph (Welf) family. In USD, when Henry the Lion was placed under the ban of the Empire by Frederick Bai-barossa, his Ba- varian territories were transferred to Otho, Count of Wittelsbach, whose descendant now ccciipies the royal throne. The Rhenish Palat- inate was conferred on this family by the Em- peror Frederick III. in 1214. Louis of Bavaria was Em])eror of Germany in 1314-47. At this time the Palatinate was separated from Bavaria. (See Palati^'ate.) Duke Jlaximilian, for his services to the Imperial cause in the Thirty Years' War (q.v.), was raised to the dignity of Imperial elector in 102.3, and in 1628 was in- vested with the Upper Palatinate. In the War of the Spanish Succession Bavaria supported France. The Elector Charles Albert was one of the princes who sought to dismember the Aus- trian dominions on the accession of Maria The- resa. (See ArsTRiAN Sdccession, War op THE.) He was elected Emperor of Germany in 1742, and died in 1745. In 1777 the Wittelsljach line in the Electorate of Bavaria became extinct, and the Wittelsbach line in the Rhine Palatinate succeeded to the throne. In 1805 Bavaria was erected into a kingdom by Napoleon I. The King assisted Napoleon in his wars, and received large additions of territory. In 181,S, however, he cleverly contrived to change sides, and thus man- aged to have confinned to him, by the treaties of 1814-15, an extent of territory nearly as valua- ble as the possessions which the treaties of Pressburg urA Vienna had given him, and which he had now to restore to Austria.

In 1818 the new Constitution came into exist- ence, but, owing to various causes, it did not secure the measure of popidar freedom that had been expected. In 1825 Louis I. ascended the throne. He was a well-meaning and liberal mon- arch, but he lavished the wealth of the kingdom on the embellishment of the capital and on works of art, while he neglected works of jiractical value. The revoluticmary wave of 1830 produced some disquiet in the country, but no serious dis- turbance. The Bavarian Government, however, took alarm, and restricted the freedom of the press; and, though the restrictions were speedily repealed, dissatisfaction was created by the im- position of new taxes. The Jesuits obtained great influence with the King, which they used to the detriment of popular rights. The people were further aroused by the King's relations with the notorious Lola Montez (q.v.), who was looked upon as an agent of the Ultramontanes. In March. 1S4S, following the example of thi? French revolutionists, the people of Munich seized the arsenal, and demanded reform and the expulsion of Lola Montez. The King had to con sent, but in the same month he abdicated. His son, Maximilian II., ascended the throne. He died in 1804, and was succeeded by Loui.s II., a distinguished patron of Wagner, the great musician. After 1850 Bavaria showed itself hostile to the national movement toward Ger- man unity under the leadership of Prussia. In the war of ISfiO it sided with Austria against the former power, suffered defeat, and was com- pelled to enter into an offensive and defensive alliance with the victor. Without abating in its dislike for Prussia, the country was forced by the power of national sentiment to join in the war against France. Circumstances' there- after made its entrance into the new German Empire inevitable. In June, ISSfi, Louis II., who had become insane, committed suicide. His brother assumed the title of Otho I.; but this prince being also mentally incapable of govern- ing, the regency was taken over by an uncle. Prince Luitpold (born March 12, 1821).

. liacaria, Landes- unci Yolks- l-iinde des Konuireichs Bnyern (Munich, 1800- 08) ; Geistbeck, Das Kiinigreich Bayern in geo- tiraphifich-statistischer Beziehung (ib., 1878) ; Wenz, Volkskvnde von Bayern (Nuremberg, 1879- 84) : Beitrdge zur Landeskunde Baycnis (Mu- nich, 1884), contains a complete bibliography; Gotz, Geogrnphisch-hifitorischrs Tlandbuch von Bayern (Munich, 1805-08) ; Giimbel, Geologie von Bayern (Cassel, 1884-94) ; Die Landwirtschaft in Baycrns (Munich, 1890), a memorial prepared from official sources; Beck, Bayerns Gross- industrie und Grosshandel (Nuremberg, 1895) ; Piloty, Die VerfanKiingskunde des Konigreichs Bayerns (Gotha, 1878-99) ; Heigel, Die Wittels- bachcr (Munich, 1895) ; Riezlcr, Gesehiehte Bayern (Munich, -1880) ; Brechler. Darstellnng der geschichtlichcn h'ntirickelung des hayrischen Slaatsgebiets (Berlin, 1890). See Germany.

BA'VIAD, The. The title of a work by William Gifford (1794), afterwards issued with The Mceviad (1797). It is in ridicule of a coterie of sentimentalists, self-styled Delia Crus- eans. The name is an adaptation of a minor Roman poet, Bavius, wdio, along with Moevius, regarded Horace and Vergil in much the same way that Pope was viewed by the hacks of Grub Street.

BAVIECA, ba-vya'ka. The name given to the chief horse of the Cid. The story goes that his master, while yet a boy, picked out'the animal, then a sorry-looking colt, from a numlier of much finer beasts, and was called by his father a dolt (bavieea) for the choice. This name was transferi'ed to the horse.

BA'VIUS and MÆ'VIUS. Two Latin poetasters, who, otherwise unheard of, were made immortal bywords through their malevolence toward Horace and Vergil. Nothing further definite is authentically known of them, although they have unwarrantedly been credited with the Antihucoliea, two pastoral parodies of the Vergilian Eclogues. By Vergil they are con-