Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/698

BAUR. Baur strove hard to show that it was of post-apostolic origin. In 1847 appeared his Kritische Untersuchungen über die kanonischen Evangelien, ihr Verhältniss zu einander, ihren Ursprung und Charakter. In 1851 he published Das Markus-evangelium nach seinem Ursprung und Charakter. In this and other similar works Baur maintained that we must extend our notions of the time within which the canonical writings were composed to a period considerably post-apostolic, which can only be determined approximately by a careful investigation of the motives which apparently actuated their authors. The chief characteristic, therefore, of the Tübingen School, as exhibited in the works of its founder, is the union of a subjective criticism with a strong conviction of the historic reality of the New Testament writings. He maintained that there were only four genuine Pauline epistles — Romans I. and II., Corinthians, and Galatians. Baur died in Tübingen, December 2, 1860. Of his writings, there have appeared in English translation: Paul, the Apostle of Jesus Christ (1873-75, 2 vols.); The Church History of the First Three Centuries (London, 1878-79, 2 vols.). For his biography, consult: Worte der Erinnerung (Tübingen, 1861); C. von Weizsäcker, ''Ferdinand Christian Baur. Rede zur akademischen Feier seines 100. Geburtstages (Stuttgart, 1892); also, in general, R. W. Mackay, The Tübingen School and its Antecedents (London. 1863); A. B. Bruce, F. C. Baur and His Theory of the Origin of Christianity'' (New York, 1886).

BAUR, (1816-89), A German evangelical theologian, born at Hammelbach (Odenwald). He studied at the University of Giessen, was appointed professor there in 1847, and in 1870 became professor at Leipzig. His publications include: Grundzüge der Homiletik (1848) ; BoHtius und Dante (1874); Die vorchristliche Erziehung (1884; Vol. I., Schmid's Geschichte der Erziehung).

BAURE, bou'ra. A tribe of Arawakan stock living on the eastern slope of the Cordilleras, on one of the upper tributaries of the Beni Biver, in the Department of La Paz, Bolivia. About the year 1674 they were Christianized by Jesuit missionaries, and gathered into mission -villages, together with the Moxos (q,v.).

BAUSE, bou'zc, Johann Friedrich (1738- 1814). A German engraver, born at Halle. He studied with J. J. Hayd at Augsburg, and be- came professor at the Leipzig Academy of Art in 1766, He made more than 200 portraits of contemporary notables, including reigning princes, theologians, merchants, scholars, poets, and actors. Among the prominent names in this valuable collection are the following: Joseph II. (1762); Peter I. and Peter III., Czars of Russia (1786 and 1762, respectively); Catha- rine II. of Russia (1762); Frederick II., King of Prussia (1759); and the authors Gellert, Lessing, Mendelssohn, Leibnitz, Kant, Winckel- mann, and Hagedorn.

BAUSMAN, bous'mon, Benjamin (1824—). An American Reformed (German) clergyman, born at Lancaster, Pa, He graduated at Marshall College (1851), and at the Theological Seminary, Mercersburg, Pa. (1852). He became pastor at Reading, Pa., in 1863. His books include: Sinai and Zion, travels (1860); Wayside Gleanings in Europe (1878); Bible Characters (1993); edition of Harbaugh's Harfe, a Volume of Poems in the Pennsylvania German Dialect (1870).

BAUTAIN, bo'tax', (1796-1867). A French theologian and philosophic writer. He was born in Paris, and studied at the Ecole Normale Supérieure. At the age of 20 he was made professor at the College of Strassburg, and later held a professorship at the university of that city, but was suspended from office in 1822, on charges of heterodoxy. In 1848, however, he was made Vicar-General of the Diocese of Paris, and five years later professor of theology at the Sorbonne. His best-known writings include: Art of Extempore Speaking (1858-78); De l'enseignement de la philosophie en France au XIXème siècle (1833); Philosophie du christianisme, edited by Bonnechose (1835); Psychologie experimentale (1839; a second edition under the title L'esprit humain et ses facultés, 1859); Philosophie morale (1842); La liberté et la religion (1848); La morale de l'évangile comparée aux divers systèmes de morale (1855), and La philosophie des lois (1860). Bautain held that divine revelation is the only possible criterion of truth on ethical subjects.

BAUTZEN, bout'sen, or BAUDISSIN, bou'-de-sen (Wendish Budyśin, hut-city, from Slav. buda, hut. tent. Engl. booth). The capital of the Circle of the same name in the Kingdom of Saxony, and a thriving manufacturing town, known for its products of woolens and other textiles, leather, paper, metallic goods, etc. (Map: Germany, F 3). It is situated on rising ground overlooking the river Spree, about 30 miles east-northeast of Dresden, and surrounded by a wall and moat. The Cathedral of Saint Peter is used by both Protestants and Roman Catholics, the church being divided into two parts by a grating for that purpose. The Castle of Ortenburg, often the residence of the kings of Bohemia, is now occupied by Government offices. The city's affairs are administered by a municipal council of 24 members and an executive board of 7. (See, Local Government.) There are numerous schools, three public libraries, a museum, and an art gallery. Bautzen is a place of considerable antiquity, and was first made a town under Otho I. in the Tenth Century. It suffered greatly in the war with the Hussites, and still more during the Thirty Years' War. It is celebrated as the place where Napoleon, with an army of 130,000 men, after an obstinate resistance, won a barren victory over 90,000 of the allied Russians and Prussians on May 20-21, 1813. The Allies lost in the two days 12,000 in killed and wounded, in addition to 1500 taken prisoners. The French left 5000 dead upon the field, and had over 15,000 wounded. Population, in 1890, 22,000; in 1900, 26,000.

BAUXITE, boks'it (from Baux; see below). The most important ore of aluminum, a hydrate having the composition ALO33H.JO, though most occurrences contain also some silica, iron oxide, and titanium. The ore occurs in rounded grains, in pisolitic or claylike masses. The grains usu- ally show a concentric structure and a variable color from white to yellow, brown, or red. It is named from its occurrence at Baux, in France, but it is also known from Styria and Carin- thia, in Austria, and from Antrim, in Ireland. In the United States it occurs in a belt about 60