Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/697

BAUMGARTNER. montane Party. In lSnO-(U he represented his canton in the'Counpil of States. He foundeil in 1842 the lieiie Schweizcr '/.eitunij. and published several historical works, of which the most ex- tensive and imjiortant is Die Schiceiz in ihren Kiimpfcn und Omgestriltiiuf/cn von IS.W-oO (4 vols., 18o3-GC). Consult Baumgartner, OuUus Jakoh liaumgartner und die ncuere Staatsent- ii-icK-luitg der Schiceiz ( Freiburg- im-Breisgau, Ibii-i).

BAUMKER', boim'ker, Wu.iiELM (1842—). A (IcniKin writer on musical subjects, bom at Kllierfeld, Prussia. He studied at Miinster and Bonn, and became a Roman Catholic pastor at Eurich. His most important work is Das l;atholische deutsche KircJievlicd in seiiien Sinff- v:eisrn (.3 vols., 1883-1!)01). He has published biographical and critical studies of I'alcstrina (1877); Orlnndus de Lassiis (1878); Zur Or- schichte dcr Tonkunst in Dcutsilditnd von den crsten Anfiinricit l' (1800- 76). A German philologist, born at Sinzheim, Baden. He was professor of i)hilolojry at the University of Freiburg from 1830 to 1871. He published an edition of Curtius Rufus (Frei- burg, 1829) ; of Ciesar, with couimentary I Frei- burg, 1832) ; and an important work entitled Vrdeutsche fitanlsaltertiimer (Berlin. 1873). Some of his writings appeared under the pseu- donym of Hermann vom Busche.

BAUMSTARK, Eduard (1807-89). A Ger- man political economist, brother of the pre- ceding. He was boi'n at Sinzheim, Baden; was educated at the University of Heidelberg; be- came professor in an academy of agriculture and political science at Eldena in 1842, and in the following year was appointed its director. He was a delegate to the Prussian National Assem- bly of 1848. and in the following year was elected a member of the Upper House of that body. He was subsequently a t^iberal member of the Prus- sian Upper House and of the North German Diet. His writings deal chiefly with political economy, ana include the following: Kanicralistischr Ency- klopHdie (1835); Gnindgesetze dcr Volh-sn:irt- schaft, a translation of Rieardo's celebrated work (1877); Zur Geschichte dcr arbcitcnden liJassc (1853).

BAUR, hour, Albert (1835 — ). A German historical painter. He was bom at Aix-la- Chapelle, and studied with Sohn and Kehren at Diisseldorf and with Schwind at Munich. He was professor at the art school of Weimar from 1872 to 187C, but afterwards settled pei'manently at Diisseldorf. His principal works are: "The Body of Otho III. Conve.yed Over the Alps" (18f!G): "Christian Martyrs" (Diisseldorf Gal- lery, 1870) ; "Paul Preaching in Rome" (1870) ; "Amazons Bear - Hunting" (1870); "Sealing Christ's Sepulchre After Entombment" (1879); "The Daughter of the Martyr" (1880).

BAUR, (1792- 1860). A German theologian. He was born at Schniiden, near Stuttgart, June 21, 1792; studied theology in the Blaubeuren theological seminary from' 1805 to 1809, and in the Uni- versity of Tubingen from 1809 to 1817. In 1817 he became professor in the Seminary of Blaubeuren, where lie gave the first indications of his abilities by publishing his ^i/mholik und ilytlwlotiie oder die Xaturretigion dJes Altertums (Stuttgart. 3 vols.. 1824-2.5). a work which indicates the influence of Schleiermacher over the author. In 1820 he was called to Tu- bingen, where be held the chair of Protestant theologj'. His whole life was consecrated to religious studies — the history of doctrines, the .symbolism of the Church, and biblical exegesis. On account of the universality of his culture, the wonderful activity and fertilit_y of his mind, his rare combination of speculative thought with solid knowledge, and that faculty of historic divination or insight which enabled him to draw decisive results from separate, obscure, and neglected data, he has been regarded by many in Germany as the most massive theological intel- lect since Schleiermacher. Unlike Bruno Bauer (q.y. ), he made comparatively little use of the Hegelian philosophy in his writings ; and when ho did, it was professedly only that" he might, more clearly understand historical phenomena in their internal spiritual connection, and be enabled to represent the logical process of their devel- opment. His method of investigating the pro- gressive history of religious opinion, however, incurred the reproacli of formalism from its ad- versaries, who said that he ajiplied it too rigorously, and made dogmas develop themselves with a kind of abstract inevitable regularity from previous historical conditions, without al- lowing for immediate and extraordinary provi- dences. His most important works in the history of doctrine are Die christliche Gnosis oder die christlichelleligionsphilosophie ( Tubingen, 1835 ), a work which makes the Christian Gnosis of the Second and Third centuries the starting-point of a long series of religio-philosophical produc- tions traceable uninterruptedly down through Middle-Age mj'sticism and theosophy toSchelling, Hegel, and Schleiermacner; Die christliche Lehre von der Versohnung (Tubingen, 1838) ; and Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieiuigkeit und Mcnschwerdung Gottes (Tiibingen, 18-11-43). In reply to Mi'.hler, the celebrated Roman Catholic theologian, who had attacked the Protestant Church, he wrote Dcr Gegensutzdcs Kutholicismus und Protestant ismus (Tiibingen, 1830). Besides these works, based on a historical treatment of religion, to which class also belongs his hehrhuch der christlichen Dogmengeschichte (Stuttgart, 1847), he published various critical treatises on parts of the New Testament; such as Die Chris- tuspartei in der korinthischen Gemeinde ; der Gegensatz des Paulinlschen und Petrinischen Christenthums; and Der Apostel Petrus in Rom (1831) — a work in which the author endeavors to demonstrate the existence of dee])-rooted dif- ferences in that sphere of primitive Christianity in which we are accustomed to see nothing but unity and harmony. His inquiries concerning the Gnosis led him to study minutely the pas- toral epistles, the result of which study was Die sogenannten Pastoralbriefe des Apostels Paulus (Stuttgart, 1835), in which he combats the idea that Saint Paul was their author, and refers them to the Second Century. Of a similar nature is his Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi (Stutt- gart, 1845).

His work on the Gospel of John produced a startling effect, as up to Baur's time that Gospel had generally been held prior in date to the three synoptic Gospels, whereaa