Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/695

BAUHINIA. TiosfT. The loaves are generally divided into two lobes. The species, of which there are about 200, are natives of the warmer regions of both heniisplieres, and some of them are remarkable for the size and beauty of their flowers. Most of thean are twininf; plants or lianas, stretching from tree to tree in the tropical forests; but some are small trees, as Bauhinifi porrcrta, the mountain ebony of Jamaica, so called from the color of its wood. The inner bark of the Maloo climber, Hiiuhtnia niremosa. or Bauhinia scan- fjcnx, and of IStnihinUi pfirriftord. East Indian species, is cmjiloyed for making ropes. Bauhinia retusa and Bauhinia cmariiinala, also East In- dian, exude a brownish colored mild gum : while the astringent bark of Bauhinia varief/ala is used in JIalabar for tanning and dyeing leather, and also in medicine. The flower-buds are often pickled. The leaves of various species are used in Brazil as demulcent medicines, having muci- laginous properties. Bauhinia splendens, known as chain-creeper, is common in South America. Its stems are very flexible and are of great utility.

BAUMANN, bou'man, Alexander (1814-57). An Austrian playwright and composer, born in Vienna. He first became distinguished through his songs and romances in the dialect of Lower Austria, and afterwards devoted himself to dra- matic composition, his comedies being especially popular. They include Bfitriifte fiir das deutsche Theater (1849), Hingspiele aus den osterreichi- schcn Bergen (1850), among which the well- known Das Versjircchen hinterm Herd has main- tained its popularity; Ehrenbuschn fiir d' Ocstcr- rcicher Armee in Italien{lS5i) ; Gebirgsbleameln (8 book>) : ami Aus der Heimat.

BAUMANN, (18(54—). A German African traveler, born in Vienna. After study in Vienna and Leipzig, he accompanied Lenz (1SS5) on the hitter's journey up the Congo River to Stanley Falls. In 1880 he oxploi'ed Fernando Po, in 1888 accompanied an expedition to Kilimanjaro, and in 1890 was sent out by the German East African Society for the exploration of parts of East Africa. During 1892-93 he was the leader of an expedition to Victoria Nyanza, explored the region to the south and vest of that lake, and ascertained that the Kagera River, which takes its rise in the Mountains of the Moon, is the lake's chief tributary.

BAUMANNSHOHLE, bou'mans-he'le (Ger., builder's cave). A cavern of the Harz Moun- tains in lirunswiek, the existence of which lias been known for hundreds of years. It is 150 feet above tlie Valley of the Bode. Its stalac- tites bear quaint names, among which are 'The Prayin;: Nun' and 'The Lion.'

BAUMBACH, bouniljiio, Ritjolf (1840—). A German poet and novelist. He was bom at Kraniclifeld. studied natural science at Wiirz- hurg and Lcijizig, Freiburg and Heidelberg, and afterwards lived in Austria till 1883, when he moved to Meiningen. He has been most success- ful in poetic tales based on popular legends of German and the Slavonic Alps: /Aalorog (1875), Ihintnd nnd IlUde (1879), Frau Holde (1881), Der Pate des Todes (1884). Kai.ier Max and seine Jiiger (1888). He has published seven volumes of lyrics, of which Lieder eines fahrenden Oesellen (1878) and Thiiringer Lieder (1891) are characteristic. His most noteworthy novel is Trug-Gold (1878), an historical romance of the Seventeenth Century. He also wrote the fairy-stories, Hommermiirchen (1881) and Es icur einmal ( 1889).

BAUMÉ, b.Vma', Antoine (17'28-I804). A French cliemist, known for his discoveries in applied chemistry. He became professor in the college of pharmacy in Paris, and founded a large establishment for the pre|iaration of drugs. He published many jjapers on the ajiplication of scientific principles to useful purjio.ses in the arts and manufactures. Among his inventions and improvements were processes for bleach- ing, purifying saltpetre, manufacturing sal-am- moniac, etc. His publications include: Elements de pharmacie (1702) and Chimie experimentale et raisonnee (3 vols., 1773). Baume's areome- ter is still in common use in laboratories.

BAUMEISTER, bou'mt-ster, (1804-40). A German veterinarian,' born at Augsburg. In his youth he received extensive training in animal painting, and afterwards studied and practiced veterinary medicine. In 1839 he was made professor at the School of Veterinary Medicine at Stuttgart. His published works include: Handbuch der landwirtschaftliehen Tierkunde und Tierzucht (1863), a part of which, under the title Anleitung zur Kenntnis des Aeu.s:iern des Pferdes, passed through the seventh edition in 1891. Other parts, too. of the Hand- buch have been published separately, and have passed through several editions. The work was beautifully illustrated by the author.

BÄUMELER, boi'me-ler, or BIMELER, be'mc-lOr, JOSEPH Michael (1778-1853). The leader of the German 'Separatists,' who founded the settlement of Zoar, Ohio, in 1817. He was born in Wiirttemberg, Germany, received a good education, and soon identified himself with a group of nn-stics in his native State, who be- came known as the Society of Separatists. In 1817 he was chosen leader of the company of about 300 which emigrated to America, and settled at Zoar, and until his death he exercised an almost autocratic control over them. Outside the community he was generally known as 'King Bimeler,' while his fellow Separatists were com- monly called 'Bimelers.' He was at first opposed to the introduction of communism, but finally yielded to the wishes of his associates, and was largely i-esponsible for the successful working of the system. For forty years he was both the spiritual and the temi)oral leader, and with his death the comnumity began gradually to decline. A number of 'discourses' delivered by him in 1832 were published under the title Die icahre Separation, oder die Vi ledergeburi, aurgestellt in geistreichen und erbaulichen ersammiungs- lleden und Betrachtungen, besonders fiir das gcgenw-artige Zeitalter anwendbar, gehalten in der Gemeinde in Zoar im Jahre JS32 (3 vols., Zoar, 1856), and subsequently formed the basis for a large part of tlie devotional exercises of the community, exercising an inlluence among them greater even than that of the Bible.

BAUMGARTEN, boum'g;ir-ten, Alexander Gottlieb (1714-02). A German pliilosopher of the school of Wolff. He was born in Berlin, and studied at Halle. In 1738 he became privat- docent at Halle, and in 1740 professor of phi- losophy at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he died.