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BAUER. penalty. His works include: Cfrundsatze des peinlichen Rechts (Marburg, 1806), later pub- lished as Lehrbiich dcs titral'pozesses, the first text-book of the science, and Die Warnungs- iheorie (Gottingen, 1830).

BAUER, Bruno (1809-82). A rationalistic German critic. He was born at Eisenberg, in the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg. on September b, 1809. He was the son of a porcelain painter, and stud- ied at the University of Berlin, where he be- came privatdocent in the theological faculty in 1834. He was transferred to the University of Bonn in 1839, but was deprived of his lectureship in 1842 on account of his rationalistic boldness. He then removed to Berlin, and for many years devoted himself to the destructive criticism of the Scriptures until, having to his owii satisfaction shown that they had no authority, he abandoned such studies, and devoted himself chiefly to his- torical and critical i^ublications. His writings are very numerous. All of them exhibit great learning, industry, research, and acumen, but are completely antagonistic to the received opinions in theology- or to any form of evangelical religion. For instance, in his Ch7'istus und dip Ciisaren (Berlin, 1877, 2d ed. 1879), he claims that Christianity was really founded by Seneca! He is generally admitted to be quicker in the discoverv of error than of truth. He died at Rixdorf.' a suburb of Berlin, April 15, 1882.

BAUER, Edgar (1820-86). A German pub- licist, brother of Bnmo Bauer, born at Charlot- lenbiirg. He studied theology and jurisprudence at Berlin, and divided his time between travel, literary' work, and conflicts with the law. He served a term of imprisonment for having writ- ten Der Streit der Kritik mit Kirche und Staat, which was confiscated by the Prussian authori- ties, but was afterwards republished in Bern (1843). His other writings include Die Rechte des Herzor/tiims Holstein (1863) ; Die Deutschen und ihir Xachbani (1870) ; and numerous other works of a historical or polemical character. BAUER, Georg. See Agricola.

BAUER, Karoline (1807-77). A German actress. Slie was born at Heidelberg, March 29, 1807, made her debut at Karlsruhe in 1822, and liad achieved a brilliant success there and at Ber- lin in both comedy and tragedy, when in 1829 she married in London Prince Leopold of Coburg, afterwards King of the Belgians. Their morgan- atic imion was brief and unhappy. In 1831 she returned to the stage, which she quitted only upon her nuirriage to the Polish Count Ladislas de Broel Plater, in 1844. Thereafter she lived in Switzerland, where she died at Ziirich, October 10, 1877. Her Posthumous Memoirs, translated into English (1884) with their denunciations of King Leopold and Baron Stockmar, offer a striking contrast to the two pleasing volumes of theatrical reminiscences that had preceded them in 1870 and 1877.

BAUER,. (known also by the pen-name Karl Dctlcf) (1836-70). A German writer of fiction, born at Swinemiinde (Pomerania). Slie became a teacher of pianoforte method at Saint Petersburg, where for a time she resided in the house of Bismarck, then Minister to Kussia. Her writings, distinguished by considerable stylistic merit and skill in the delineation of character, include I'nioxliche Bande (18G9; 3d ed., 1877); Musste es sein? (2 vols., 1873; 2d ed., 1875); and Ein Dokutnent (1876; 2d ed., 1878).

BAUER, Louis (1865—). An American astronomer and magnetician, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He graduated at the University of Cin- cinnati in 1888, and was appointed astronomical and magnetic computer of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. In 1895-96 he was instructor in mathematical physics at the University of Chicago, in 1896-97 instructor there in geophysics, and from 1897 to 1899 associate professor of mathematics and mathematical physics at the University of Cincinnati. He also became chief of the territorial magnetism division of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.

BAUERNFEIND, bou'em-fint, Karl jSIasi- IIILIAN VON ( 1818-94 I . A German engineer, born at Arzberg ( Franconia ) . He studied at Nurem- berg and Jlunich, and in 1846 was appointed jirofessor of geodesy and engineering science in the School of Engineering at Munich. In 1868- 74 and 1880-83 he was director of the Technical College of jMunich, originally organized accord- ing to plans devised by him. He retired in 1890. He was the inventor of the prismatic cross, ex- tensively used in surveying. His original investi- gations were very extensive. Among his numer- ous works are Zur Brilcl;cnhaul;vnde (1854; re- vised ed. 1878) and Zur Wasserhaukunde (1860).

BAUERNFELD, bou'ern-felt. Eduard von (1802-90). An Austrian playwright and poet, born in Vienna. He was a friend of Grillparzer and of Franz Schubert, for whose opera, Der Graf von Gleichen, he wrote the libretto. His works, which were varied, included political fic- tion, poetry, serious drama, and many very suc- cessful comedies. These last are marked by clever dialogue and skillful characterization, and include Die Bekenntnissc (1834), Biirgerlieh und Bomantisch (1835), Orossjiihriq (1846), Krisen (1851), and Ans der aeseUsrluift (1866). He was less successful in serious drama. His Gesam- melte Schriften appeared in Vienna in 1871-73. For his biography consvilt Stern (Leipzig, 1891) and Horner (Leipzig, 1900).

BAUGÉ, bo'zha'. The chief town of an arrondissement in the Department of Maine-et-Loire, on the Cousenon, 22 miles northeast of Angers. Iv, contains a fine old castle of the Fifteenth Century, formerl}' the seat of the dukes of Anjou, and is notable .as the scene of an English defeat in 1121, at which time their leader, the Duke of Clarence, was killed. Population, in 189(i, 3344.

BAUHIN, bo'aw', G.^.spar (1560-1G24). A Swiss botanist and anatomist. He was born in Basel, and became professor of anatoni}- and botany there in 1588. In 1614 he was made professor of medicine. His most important work is the Pinax Theatri Botanici (1623). His work on anatomy, entitled Tlicatrum, Attatotiiicum (1621), has considerable historical value.

BAUHIN, Jean (1541-1613). A Swiss botanist, brother of Caspar Bauhin. He de- voted his life to the study of botany, and pub- lished many excellent works, the most important and best known of which is his Historia Uiiivcr- siilis Phinlnrum Voco ct Absolvti.isimn, conqdet- ed by others and published after his death.

BAUHIN'IA (after the botanist Bauhin). A genus of plants of the natural order Legumi-