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BAUDELAIRE. hedonistic in action. In his prose, as in liis verse, the piiUosophy of science and the ethics of materialism coexist with tlie mysticism of, nieUiu'Val dcnionology. His ethics are pessimism reduced to the absurd, his aesthetics are a reduc- tion to the absurd of art; yet his poetry, iu spite of all its artistic theory and ethical teach- injl, has a perverse poisonous orifrinality that like arsenic preserves his memory gieen. The f'kurs du Mai have scattered their seeds wide, and Jiaudelaire is justly called the father of the decadent Symbolists. See Baudelaire's IVor/os, with a preface by Gautier (7 vols., 1808). Consult: James, French Poets and Kovelists (London, 1884) ; Asselineau, Charles Baude- laire, sa vie et so» criu-rc (Paris, ISSO) ; Brin- ton, "A Poet of the Decadence," in New Century liericie (London, 1897).

BAUDENS, bo'dllx', ( lS-l-.")7 ) . A French surgeon. He was born at .ire. in the Department of Pas-de-Calais, and studied at the medical school in Paris. In 1823 he became connected with the hospital at Lille, and afterwards lived in Strassburg. In 182 he was made a surgeon to the military hospital in Paris, and from 1830 acted as army surgeon at Algiers, where he founded a hospital for instruction. His writings include: Clinique des plaics d'armes a feu (1830) and Nouvelle methdilr des amputations (1842). His original contributions consisted mainly in improvements of the surgical treatment of bullet wounds.

BAUDHAYANA, bou-da'ya-na. An early Hindu teacher or lawgiver. See Apastamba; (jAlTAMA; VaSISIITA.

BAUDIN, br/dax', Charles (1784-1854). A French ailniiral, born at Sedan. In an engage- ment fought in Indian waters between the French ship Scinillante and the English frigate Terpsiehore, in 1808. he lost an arm, and was shortly afterwards promoted lieutenant of the vessel. In June, 1812, while convoying a fleet of 12 French transports laden with ammunition to Toulon, he was pursued by English cruisers, but efl'ected his escape, and subsequently in- flicted heavy damage upon a brig attached to the English squadron. After the battle of Waterloo, Baudin volunteered to conduct the Emperor successfully through the cordon of English cruisers that guarded the coast of France. He was appointed rear-admiral in 1838, and was intrusted with the command of the fleet of 23 vessels sent against Mexico, and on November 27, 1838, bombarded San Juan de T'li'ia. the defenses of Vera Cruz, which capitu- lated the following day. He retired from active service in 1849.

BAUDISSIN, bou'dĭs-sĭn, Fr. pron. bṓ'dḗ'sā N  ' ,, Graf von (1789-1878). A German author, born at Rantzau, in Holstein. He entered the diplomatic service of Denmark in 1810, and became secretary of legation successively at Stockholm, Vienna, and Paris. In 1827 he settled at Dresden, where he collaborated with Tieck in his famous German translation of Shakespeare. The following plays were translated by Baudissin, and were revised and annotated by Tieck: Othello; King Lear; Much Ado About Nothing; Comedy of Errors; Taming of the Shrew; Measure for Measure; All's Well that Ends Well; Troilus and Cressida; Love's

Labor's Lost; Merry Wives of Windsor; Titus Andronicus; Antony and Cleopatra. Among Baudissin's other German translations are the comedies of Molière (4 vols., 1865-67).

BAUDISSIN, (1847&mdash; ). A German theologian, born at Sophienhof, Holstein. He studied at Berlin, Erlangen, Leipzig, and Kiel, and was professor at Strassburg from 1876 to 1881. From 1881 to 1900 he was professor at Marburg, and in the latter year was called to Berlin. He has published: Translationis Antiquæ Arabicæ Libri Jobi quæ Supersunt (1870); Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte (1876-78); Die Geschichte des alttestamentlichen Priesterthums untersucht (1889); August Dillmann (1895).

BAUDRILLART, bo'drc-'yar', Henri .Joseph LCox (1821-92). A French political economist and author. He was born in Paris, studied at the College Bourbon, and after 1855 Avas editor of the Journal des Economisfes. In 1800 he was appointed professor of history and political economy in the College de France, in 1809 gen- eral inspector of libraries, and in 1881 a professor in the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees. He published: Manuel d'economie politique (1857) ; Lev pojuilations agricoles de la France (1880- 88 ), and other works.

BAUDRY, bo'dre', Paul Jacques Aim6 (1828-80). A French painter. He was born at La Roche-sur-Yon, Vendee, and became a pupil of Drolling in Paris, whither he was sent with a stipend from his nafive city. Having won the Grand Prix in 1850, he studied in Rome, forming himself especially after the great Vene- tian masters. After his return he speedily rose to the front rank among contemporaneous artists, became a member of the Institute in 1870, and commander in the Legion of Honor in 1875. He excelled as a decorative painter, his works in the grand foyer of the Opera House in Paris ranking among the most brilliant crea- tions of modern art. They were executed in 1800-74. His masterpiece, however, is "The Glorification of the Law," adorning the ceiling in the Palace of Justice. This brought him the Medal of Honor in 1881. Among his other works the best are: "Fortune and the Child" (1853); "Saint John the Baptist;" "Execution of a Vestal" (1855) : "Toilet of Venus" (1859) ; "Charlotte Corday" (1801) ; "The Pearl and the Wave" (1803). He w^as also greatly esteemed as a portrait painter.

BAUER, bou'er, Adolf (1855—). An Aus- trian liis((irian, born at Prague. He studied at the universities of Vienna, Berlin, and Bonn, and in 1891 was appointed professor of ancient his- tory at the University of Gratz. The most im- portant of his publications are; Die Entstchung des Herodotischen (jesehichtsH-erkcs (1878) ; Thc- mistolcles (1881); Die grieehischen Kriegsaltcr- thiimer (1880); Lillerarisehe und his'lorisehe Forschungen zu Aristoteles' 'keifvaiav UoKirtla. (1891); and Die Forschungen zur grieehischen (IcschicMe lSSS-98 (1899).

BAUER, Anton (1772-1843). A German jurist and criminalist, born at Marburg. He was appointed professor at Gijttingen in 1813. He is known as the originator of a theory of punishment according to which punishment finds its justification in the warning conveyed by the