Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/65

ARMOUR. AR′MOUR, Herman Ossian (1837—). An American merchant. He was born at Stockbridge, N. Y., was in business at Milwaukee, Wis., from 1855 to 1862, and as a grain commission merchant at Chicago from 1862 to 1865." He became the New York representative of the Milwaukee packing firm of Armour, Plankinton & Co. in 1863. The firm name of H. O. Armour & Co. was retained at Chicago until 1870, when it was altered to Armour & Co., now controlling the largest provision industry in the world.

 ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901). An eminent American merchant and philanthropist. He was born in Stockbridge, N. Y., and was educated in the public schools there. In 1852 he made the arduous overland journey to California, but returned four years later and established himself in the grain and warehouse business in Milwaukee. Here, in 1803, he became the head of the firm of Armour, Plankinton & Co., pork packers, whose main office was transferred to Chicago in 1870, where a reorganization was soon afterwards effected under the name Armour & Co. The business increased with great rapidity, and at the time of Armour's death the firm owned more grain elevators than any other house in the world, had more than 50,000 employees on its payroll, and sent exports to every civilized country. Armour was noted no less for his philanthropy than for his business acumen and executive ability, and, in addition to lesser benefactions, endowed the Armour Institute of Technology' (q.v. ) and the Armour Mission, in Chicago, the combined endowments of which amounted to $2,500,000.

 ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. An American institution for the advancement of technical and practical education. It was founded at Chicago in 1892 by Philip D. Armour for the purpose of giving young men and women an opportunity to secure at moderate expense a broad and thorough knowledge of applied science. The plan of organization embraces (1) The Technical College. offering four-year courses in mechanical, electrical, civil, and chemical engineering, and a two-year course in architecture: (2) The Department of Commercial Tests, giving facilities for testing construction material, for the calibration of pressure gauges and electrical instruments, and for special tests and investigations: (3) The Armour Scientific Academy, a preparatory school fitting boys for admission to the engineering courses of technical colleges. The four-year courses in mechanical and electrical engineering were first established and later the course of architecture was included by union with the Art Institute of Chicago. The course in civil engineering was established in 1809, and that in chemical engineering in 1901. In 1901 the college faculty numbered 38, and the students 666. At the same time the total value of the property under the control of the institute was .$4,560,000. President, Frank Wakelev Gunsaulus. D.D.

 ARMS. ARMORIAL BEARINGS, or ENSIGNS. Names given to such devices as when painted on a shield form a coat. These terms in popular speech include all the accompaniments of a shield — viz., the crest, helmet. and. where such exist, the supporters, etc. See Heraldry.

 ARMS, Assumptive. See Heraldry.

 ARMS, Sergeant at. See Sergeant at Arms.

 ARMS, Stand of. A general title for one or more rides or other military weapons. It is generally used to describe a complete set of arms for one soldier, including rifle, bayonet, and cartridge-box and belt.

 ARMSTEAD, Henry Hugh, R.A. (1828—). An English sculptor. Among his numerous works are many of the allegorical groups on the Albert Memorial, London; carved panels in the New Palace, Westminster, illustrating the history of King Arthur and .Sir Galahad; and many effigies, including those of Bishop Wilberforce at Winchester and Lord Thynne at Westminster Abbey.

<section end="Armstead, Henry Hugh" /> <section begin="Armstrong, David Maitland" />ARMSTRONG, David Maitland (1837— ). An American decorative artist and genre painter, born at Newburg, N. Y. He graduated in 1858 at Trinity College, studied art at Paris and Rome, and was for four years consul-general for Italy. At the Paris Exposition of 1878 he was director of the American art department. He is a member of the Society of American Artists, and has his studio in New York.

<section end="Armstrong, David Maitland" /> <section begin="Armstrong, George Francis Savage" />ARMSTRONG, George Francis Savage- (1845 — ). A British writer, known in Ireland as 'The Poet of Wicklow'. He was born in Dublin, was educated there, and in 1871, became professor of English literature in Queen's College, Cork, and in Queen's University. Among his numerous published works are: Poems (1869); A Tragedy of Israel, a trilogy (1872-76), and Stories from Wicklow (1886). A complete edition of his poems in ten volumes was published in 1892. In 1891 he prefixed the name of his maternal grandfather, Savage, to his surname.

<section end="Armstrong, George Francis Savage" /> <section begin="Armstrong, George Frederick" />ARMSTRONG, George Frederick (1842 — ). An English engineer. He was educated at King's College, London, and at Cambridge. Developing a strong taste for mechanics, he studied engineering, and was professor of engineering in the School of Applied Science at McGill University in Montreal during 1871-76. He was then called to a similar chair in the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds, and in 1885 became Regius professor of engineering in the University of Edinburgh. He is a member of many learned societies, and the author of numerous papers and addresses.

<section end="Armstrong, George Frederick" /> <section begin="Armstrong, John" />ARMSTRONG, John (1709-79). A Scottish poet, born in the parish at Castleton, Roxburghshire. He took the degree of M.D. at Edinburgh University in 1732: in 1746 was appointed physician to the London Hospital for Lame, Maimed, and Sick Soldiers, and in 1760 physician in the German Army. He gained "a wide popularity by a didactic poem called the Art of Preserving Health (1744), containing some of the very best blank verse written in the Eighteenth Century; and was also a master of terse prose. Particularly brilliant is Sketches or Essays on Various Subjects, published under the pseudonym of Launcelot Temple (1758). He was a friend of many wits and authors of his day, among them Thomson, who is believed to refer to him in canto 1, stanza Ix. of the Castle of Indolence: and Wilkes, who probably obtained for him the post in the army. Consult Ward, English Poets, vol. iii. <section end="Armstrong, John" />