Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/637

BARTTELOT. 11, 1888, after vainly waitiiif; for the carriers promised by Tippoo Tib, and notwitlistanding the sickness and famine in his camp, Barttelot began his journey into the interior. In a niutinj among his followers, within a week of his depar- ture, he was shot by one of his men. The accu- sation of barbarous cruelty, afterw.ards brought against him by Stanley, was refuted by Bartte- lot's brother. Major Walter G. B. Barttelot. in the volume entitled The Life of Edmund Mus- graie Barttelot (London, 1890).

BARU, ba-roo' (Malay). A fine, woolly sub- stance, found at the liase of the leaves of the Sagucrus, or Arenga saccharifer, one of the most valual)le sago palms of the Indian Archipelago. It is much employed in calking ships, in stuffing cushions, etc. See Gomuti.

BARU. A town in the Province of Leyte, Philippines, situated 31 miles from ,Tacloban, the capital of the province. Population, 12,- 322.

BARUCH, ba'ruk (Heb., the blessed; cf. Benedict ). The son of Neriah, and member of an illustrious family (cf. Jer. li. 59). He was the person to whom the prophet Jeremiah dic- tated his oracles (Jer. xxxvi. 4 seq.), and who also recited Jeremiah's prophecies before the peo- ple (ib.. x-xxvi. 10). During the siege of Jerusa- lem by Xebuchadnezzar, both he and the prophet were by their own countrymen imprisoned on suspicion of aiding the Chaldeans (.Jer. xxxvii. 13 ; xliii. 3 ; Josephus, Ant. x. 9, 1 ), but obtained from the conqueror freedom and permission to choose their own residence. Barueh remained for some time in Palestine ; but when the people, in spite of Jeremiah's remonstrances, went down to Egypt, the pro[)het. as well as Barueh, accom- panied them (Jer. xliii. 6; Josephus, Ant. x. 9, 6). His subsequent history is unknown.

BARUCH, Apocalypse of. A work distinct from the apocryphal Book of Barueh, which was originally composed in Hebrew, but survives only in a Syriac version of the Sixth Century, made from the Greek translation of the original Hebrew. It was discovered by Ceriani in 186G, inaMS. of the Milan Library. Consisting of 7 sections, it contained 7 revelations made to Barueh, the last 5 after a fast of 7 days in each case. The first revelation refers to the coming destruction of .Jerusalem, which is pictured as an accomplished fact in the second. In the third, Jeremiah is commanded to go to Babylon, but Barueh is to remain behind. In the fourth Barueh is promised that he will live to bear testimony against the enemies of Israel. The fifth and sixth, contain promises and assurances of a renewed period of glory for Israel, and in the last, the II periods of tribulation are predicted and described, which will come before the final rebuilding of .Jerusalem can take place and the Messianic period be inaugurate<l. The theory now current among scholars is that the Apocalypse is the work of several authors living before and after the fall of Jerusalem. All the elements of the book, however, are .Jewish, and illustrate the Messianic hopes and attachment to the Law which characterize the pious Jews in the century before and in the one after the ap- pearance of Jesus.

. For the STiac text, see the edition of Ceriani (Milan. 1876-83) : ib.. photo- lithogrivphic facsimile (Milan, 1876-83) ; Charles, Apocalypse of Barueh (London, 1896) : Drum- mond. The Jewish llessiah (London, 1877) ; De Faye, Leg apocalypses juives (Paris, 1892).

BARUCH, Book of. An apocryphal book of the Old Testament, embodied in the Septuagint (i.e. Greek) translation, where it is placed be- tween Jeremiah and Lamentations. UTiile claim- ing to be the work of Jeremiah's secretary, it is in reality a composition due to several writers, perhaps as many as four, none of whom can be placed earlier than the middle or beginning of the Fourth Century B.C. The latest portions of the book bring us beyond the date of the destruc- tion of Jerusalem.

After an historical introduction (chap. i. 1-14) describing the origin and purpose of tl>e book, there comes a confession of the people's sin, which led to the captivity, and a prayer for the restoration of the people's independence (i. 19 — iii. 8). The second section (iii. 9 — iv. 4) is in praise of wisdom, which is synonymous with the Divine Law, much in the style of the eighth chapter of Proverbs and the later 'wisdom' literature (e.g. Ecclesiasticus). The book closes (iv. 5 — V. 9) with words of consolation to the Exiles. Whether the entire book, or only por- tions of it, were originally written in Hebrew is a question in regard to which no agreement has been reached among critics; and there are even some scholars who believe that the entire work was originally written in Greek, though it may be added that this is an unlikely view. Bibliography. For Greek text and versions in modern languages, see the Bibliography under .Apocrypha. Consult also: Scluirer, History of the Jewish People in the Times of Jesus Christ, Vol. II. (translation, Edinburgh, 1890-91); Fritsche, Commentaries (Leipzig, 18.51) ; Ewald, Prophets of the Old Testament, Vol. III. (Eng. trans., London, 187.5-81); Kneueker, Das Buck Barueh (Leipzig, 1879).

BA'RUS, Carl Hazard (1856—). An Ameri- can physicist, born at Cincinnati, Ohio. He studied at the School of Mines of Columbia Uni- versity and at the University of Wiirzburg, and in 1880 was appointed to the United States Geo- logical Survey. In 1892 he became professor of meteorology, and in 1893 physicist, of the Smith- sonian Institution. He was appointed professor of physics in Brown University in 1895. For the Geological Survey he made researches in physi- cal geology; for the Weather Bureau in atmos- pheric moisture; and for the Smithsonian Insti- tuion in aeronautics. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and was in 1895 one of the committee selected by Congress to de- termine the electrical standards of the United States. He is a frequent contributor to the American Journal of Science, and prepared a re- port on high-temperature measurement, as sub- mitted to the International Congress of Physicists at the Paris Exposition in 1900. He has pub- lished, besides numerous monographs, valuable contributions to the bulletins of the United States Geological Survey, including The Elec- trical and Magnetic Properties of the Iron-Cnr- hurets (Washington. 1885) ; Subsidence of Fine Solid Particles in Liquids (Washington, 1886) ; and On the Thermo-Electric Measurement of nigh Temperatures (Washington, 1888).

BAR'WOOD. See Camwood.