Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/636

BARTON. other priests and friars, she was executed at Tyburn, April 20, 1534.

BARTON, (1748-1831). An American soldier, born in Rhode Island. On the night of July 9, 1777, he led a small party across Narragansett Bay, eluded three British war vessels, and near Newport captured the English General Prescott. For this act Congress gave him a sword and a colonel's commission.

BARTON, (1786-1856). An American botanist. He was born in Pennsylvania, graduated at Princeton in 1805, and received the degree of M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania (1808). He organized the United States naval bureau of medicine and surgery; succeeded his uncle as professor of botany in the University of Pennsylvania; was for several years professor of materia medica and botany in Jefferson Medical College, and at his death was senior surgeon of the Navy. He published Vegetable Materia Medica of the United States (1817-25); Compendium Floræ (Philadelphia, 1818); Flora of North America (1818-24).

BARTON'S BUT'TONS, or I'RIS OR'NAMENTS. Exceedingly minute lines engraved on metal by a dividing engine produce a surface reflecting various colors. The process was discovered by John Barton, and buttons and other articles stamped by dies engraved in this manner rival gems in brilliancy, and were at one time extensively worn on the clothes of fashionable people.

BARTOW, bilr'to. A town and the county- seat of Polk County. Fla., 44 miles east of Tampa; on railroads of the Plant system (Map: Florida, G 4). It contains the South Florida Military Institute and the Summerlin Institute. The leading industries are phosphate production and fruit cultivation. Population, in 1890, 1386; in 1900, 1983.

BAR'TRAM, John (1699-1777). The first American botanist of eminence. He was born of Quaker parentage, near Darby, Pa.; received a scant education in country schools; and, though bred a farmer, studied medicine and surgery. While engaged in the cultivation of a small farm, his attention was accidentally turned to the study of plants and flowers, and he thereafter devoted himself so assiduously to botanical investigations as to win an international reputation. He secured an appointment as American botanist to George III., and Linnæus, with whom he corresponded, pronounced him 'the greatest natural botanist in the world.' For the purpose of increasing his collections and extending his botanical studies, he made many expeditions in the various American provinces, and, according to his friend, Peter Collinson, thought little of "riding 50 or 100 miles to see a new plant." For many years he carried on an extensive correspondence with the most eminent of European naturalists, to whom he sent large plant collections in exchange for books, and at his home rear Philadelphia he received as his guests many foreigners attracted thither by his reputation for learning and hospitality. In 1728 he established at Kingsessing, on the Schuylkill, the first botanical garden in America. In addition to several papers which he contributed to the Transactions of the Philosophical Society, he wrote a small but very interesting book, entitled ''Observations on the Inhabitants, Soil, Divers Productions, Animals, etc.. Made by John Bartram in His Travels from Pennsylvania to Onondaga, Oswego, and the Lake Ontario'' (1751). His Journal Kept Upon a Journey from Saint Angustine up the Saint Johns was published in William Stork's Description of East Florida (1769). Consult William Darlington, Memorials of John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall (Philadelphia, 1849).

BAR'TRAM, (1739-1823). An American botanist and ornithologist. Son of John Bartram. He was born at Kingsessing, Pa., February 9, 1739, and died there, July 22, 1823. He prepared the most complete list of American birds before Alexander Wilson, and wrote Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, and East and West Florida (Philadelphia, 1791). He remained unmarried and lived a solitary life, cultivating rare plants, of which he had an extended knowledge.

BARTSCH, biirtsh, (1757-1821). An eminent Austrian engraver and writer on art. He was born in Vienna, here he became a member of the Academy of Fine Arts and custodian of the Imperial collection of engravings. He produced 505 plates, partly of his own invention, partly after the original designs of famous masters, but is chiefly remembered as the author of Le Peintre-graveur (21 vols., 1866), a critical catalogue of engravings of still undisputed authority.

BARTSCH, (1832-88). A German philologist. He was born at Sprottau, Silesia, February 25, 1832. From 1858-71 he was professor at Rostock, where he established the first Germanic Seminary in Germany. From 1871 until his death he was head of the department of German and Romance philology at the University of Heidelberg. In 1869 he succeeded Pfeiffer as editor of Germania. As a scholar, Bartsch was distinguished by versatility and industry. His attention was divided between Middle High German and Provençal poetry, in both of which he edited numerous texts, accompanied by exhaustive investigations of metre, literary relations, etc. Probably his most important single contribution is his study of the Nibelungenlied (1865), which was followed by several editions of the poem and a translation into modern German (1867). His study of the early literatures of Germany and France enabled him to discover many important connections between the two. Among his many other works may be mentioned introductions to the study of Old French and Provençal: The Song of Roland (1874); a translation of Burns (1865), and of Dante's Divine Comedy (1867). Bartsch's latest work was the preparation of a catalogue of the Old German MSS. of the University Library in Heidelberg (1886). Bartsch was an original poet as well as a scholar, and in 1874 published a volume of lyrics. While much of his work is now antiquated, he will always be remembered as one of the most brilliant scholars and teachers that Germany has ever possessed. He died on February 19, 1888.

BARTTELOT, biir'th', (1859-88). An English officer. He served in the Indian Army, and participated in the Afghan campaign, and afterwards received an appointment as major in the Egyptian Army, in which capacity he joined the Stanley Expedition of 1887 for the relief of Emin Pasha. On June