Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/631

BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS. small, round, or oval bodies situated one on either side of the vagina. They are of the racemose types (see ), and are the homologues of Cowper's glands in the male. They consist of acini collected in rahier small groups. The cells lining the acini are clear mucous epithelium.

BARTHOLO, biir'to'lo'. A fussy old guardian in Beaumarchais's Le Barbier de Seville. He is a physician, in love with his ward, Rosine, and learning of the suit of Alma Viva, which Rosine enthusiastically favors, determines he will marry her at once. All but succeeding, he is at length outwitted by the clever Figaro, and the Count bears off the prize.

BARTHOLOMAE, bar-to'I6-ma, (1855—). A German philologist and Iranian scholar. He was born at Bayreuth, June 21, 1855. After graduating from the Bayreuth Gymnasium in 1872, he studied classical philology and general philosophy at the universities of Munich, Leipzig, and Erlangen. He returned to Leipzig in 1874 to devote himself to comparative philology and Oriental studies. In 1879 he went to Halle as a member of the faculty, and thence to an extra professorship at Münster, in Westphalia, in 1885. In 1898 he accepted a call to the professorial chair of Sanskrit and Indo-Germanic philology at Giessen. Among his numerous and important contributions in the field of Aryan linguistics may be mentioned: Das altiranische Verbum (Munich, 1878), Handbuch der altiranischen Dialekte (Leipzig, 1883); Arische Forschungen, 3 vols. (Halle, 1882-87); Indogermanische Studien (Halle, 1890-91); two important articles in Geiger and Kuhn's Grundriss der irainichen Philologie (Strassburg, 1895-96); and an etymological dictionary of Avestan and Old Persian, Altiranisches Wörterbuch (Strassburg, 1902).

BARTHOLOMÆUS ANGLICUS, an'gli-kus (Lat. Anglicus, English), An English scholar of the Thirteenth Century, erroneously styled author of the great mediæval encyclopædia, De Proprietatibus Rerum, "On the Nature of Things." He studied and taught theology at Paris, and about 1230 entered the Minorite Order. His work was a source of common information on natural history, and was translated into French in 1372, English in 1398, and Spanish and Dutch in the Fifteenth Century, and often printed. Consult Histoire littéraire de la France, Vol. XXX. (Paris, 1888).

BARTHOL'OMEW, ( 1822-58). An American sculptor. He was born in Connecticut; was first a dentist, then a painter, and lastly a sculptor. He studied art in New York, hut with the exception of two visits to this country, his after-life was spent in Italy. Among his productions are "Youth and Age," "The Shepherd Boy," "Ganymede and the Eagle," "Eve After the Fall," and a monument to Charles Carroll. Many of his works are in the Wadsworth Gallery'at Hartford.

BARTHOLOMEW, (Gk. Βαρθολομαῖος, Bartholomaios, from Heb. bar, son + Tolmai). One of the Twelve Apostles, generally identified with the Nathanael of the Fourth Gospel, on the ground that otherwise he would be the only disciple mentioned in the opening chapter of the latter Gospel who did not become an apostle; while the close relationship shown in that chapter to have existed between him and Philip would agree with the coupling of his name with Philip's in the lists of the Synoptists, by whom Nathanael is never mentioned, as Bartholomew is not by the Fourth Gospel. Bartholomew is thus quite likely to have been a distinguishing name (son of Tolmai) added to Nathanael, as Barjona (son of Jona) was to Simon. The traditions which assign him as a missionary to many countries, and make him to have suffered many martyrdoms, are worthless. This disposes of the legend, which Eusebius repeats, that he preached the Gospel in 'India' (properly Arabia), and left behind him there the Gospel of Matthew written in Hebrew — a story which has figured in the discussion of Papias's statement that Matthew wrote his Gospel in that language. (See .) It was on his day in the Roman Calendar, August 24, that the massacre of the Huguenots in Paris took place in 1572.

BARTHOLOMEW'S, (Fr. La Saint-Barthélemy; shorter for La Nuit de Saint-Barthélemy, the night of Saint Bartholomew). The massacre of the Huguenots, perpetrated on August 24-25, 1572, which grew out of the feud in France between the House of Guise and the Catholics, on the one hand, and the House of Condé and the Huguenots on the other. The long civil strife known as the 'Wars of Religion' had been suspended by the Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye, and the Queen-regent, Catharine de' Medici, pretended to be intent on the restoration of harmony, which was to be secured by a marriage alliance consummated on August 18, 1572, between young Henry of Navarre, the recognized head of the Huguenot party, and her own daughter, Margaret. Catharine's real policy, however, was to play off one party against the other. She saw with jealousy the growing influence exercised over the King by Coligny, the chief of the Huguenot party: and the attempted assassination of the latter, on August 22, was undoubtedly due to her orders. The wound was not fatal, but the act was accepted by Huguenots and Catholics as the signal that peace was at an end. Both parties assumed a menacing attitude, and Catharine determined to strike first. She secured the reluctant consent of her weak-minded son, Charles IX., in whose name she ruled, and appointed the night of Saint Bartholomew's Day for a general massacre of the Huguenots. From the tower of the royal palace, the signal was given for a carnival of blood, which lasted for several weeks and extended throughout France. The mortality cannot be determined with even approximate accuracy, as the different estimates, varying from 2000 to 100,000, show, Coligny, sought out by Guise himself, was among the first to fall. The two young Huguenot princes, Condé and Henry of Navarre, are said to have ransomed their lives by denying their religion. It is not likely, however, that this would have saved them, had not Catharine perceived that their death would have reacted against her, by demoralizing the party opposed to Guise, and leaving him with unlimited power — a thing she had no intention of permitting. Guise, although he had been the chief instrument in carrying out the plot (having even transgressed in one instance the command of the King in order to execute the work more thoroughly), was unwilling to assume the ignominy attached to it, and Catharine induced her son to