Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/630

BARTHELEMY. whom Bartholemy sedulously fawned upon till 1814, and then expeditiousry deserted in time. Louis XVIII. made him a minister of state and a marquis. In 1819 he proposed the restriction of the electoral franchise, a measure which was carried the following year. Barthelemy was a man of considerable ability and slight political integrity. Consult Kaulek, Papiers dc Barthele- my (Paris, 1887).

BARTHELEMY, (1716-95). A French Orientalist and antiquarian, born at Cassis and remembered for his Voyage du jeune Anachnrsis (1788), on which he labored thirty years. The voyage, or jouniey, of the Scythian Anacharsis involves an account of the customs, government, and antiquities of Greece, as they might have appeared to a classical traveler. The experiences of the youth are supplemented by dissertations on literature, music, economy, etc. The learning is not profound, but it is wide ; the character of the supposed narrator is well sus- tained, and though now superseded, the work was immediately and immensely popular. It brought its author a seat in the Academy, and such general regard that, though arrested during the Reign of Terror, he was immediately released by the Committee of Public Safety. He died in Paris, April 30, 179.5. A modern attempt to imitate the Anaehnrsis, which was translated into English (1791) and many other languages, is the Charicles of Becker, which has greater learning, but less charm.

BARTHELEMY SAINT-HILAIRE, biir-ta'l'-me' saN' te'lfir', Jules (1805-95). A French scholar and statesman, best known for his commentaries and translations of Aristotle ( 1837-70). He was born in Paris, and in early life took an active part in radical political journalism, but became in 1838 professor of Greek and Latin philosophy in the Coll6ge de France. He took office during the Revolution of February, 1848, but retired for a time from public and professorial life after the coup d'etat of December 2. He was reconciled later to the Empire and re- sumed his professorship in 1862. From 1871 he was again active in politics, — as deputy, sena- tor for life (1876), and Minister of Foreign Afiairs (1880-81). He died in Paris. His chief works, beside the Aristotelian translations and essays, are De I'ceolc d'Alexandrie (1845) ; llap- port sur le coneours uuvert pour la comparaison de la philosophie morale et politique de Flaton et d'Aristote, avec les doctrines des plus yrands philosophes modernes (1854); Sur les ^'edas (1854) ; Du Bouddhisme (1855) ; Mahomet et le Voraii (1867) ; La philosophie duns ses rapports avec les sciences et la reliyion (1889J; and Etude sur Francois Bacon (1890).

BARTHEZ, bjir'tas', Paul Jo.seph (1734- 1806). A celebrated French physician. He studied medicine at Montpellier, became |)rofes- sor in the university in 1761, and acquired Euro- pean renown as a practitioner and lecturer. In his principal work, Novreaux elements de In science de I'homme (1778), he set forth a new theory of life. According to this, there is in the living organism a vital principle, which should be distinguished, on the one hand, from the conscious and thinking mind; on the other, from the physical forces producing material transformations in the body. The life of each separate organ is but a modus, a particular manifestation of the 'vital principle,' and should not be regarded as a component part of the latter. Barthez was a keen thinker; he pro- duced no experimental facts that might ren- der his hypothesis immediately valuable to the biologist ; yet his enlightened views had the effect of imparting a new and powerful impulse to tile progress of science.

BARTHOLD, biir'tolt, Friedeich Wilhelm (1799-1858). A German historian, born at Berlin. He studied theology and history at the universities of Berlin and Breslau, and was ap- pointed professor of history at Greifswald in 1831. His principal productions are the follow- ing: Geschiehtc von I'iiricn und Pommern (5 vols., 1839-45) ; Qeschichte dcr deutschen HIiidie und des deutschen Biirgertums (4 vols., 1850- 52) ; Gescliichte der deutschen Hansa (3 vols., 1854) ; Gescliichte des qrossen deutschen Kriegs vom Tode Gitstav Adolf's ab (1841-43).

BARTHOLDI, liar'tol'de', FEfiD^Eic Auguste (1834-1904 I. A French sculptor. He was born at Colmar, Alsace, and at first studied painting under Ary Schefl'er, but soon abandoned it for sculpture, and produced a numl>er of sUitues. allegorical groups, and monuments in bronze and in marble. Among them the best known are the colossal figure of "Liberty Enlightening the World," presented by p'rance to the United States, a colossal group presented by France to Switzerland, the Lafayette Statue in New York, the equestrian statue of Vercingetorix in Paris, and the "Lion of Belfort," which is generally considered his masterpiece. Bartlioldi was deco- rated with the cross of the Legion of Honor in 1S65. See Liueety, Statue of.

BARTHOLDY, bar-tol'de. Jakob Salomon (1779-1825). A Prussian diplomat. He w'as born in Berlin, of Jewish ])arentage. and was educated at the University of Halle. He fought in the Austrian Army against Napoleon, and afterwards entered the dijilomatic service of Prussia, and accompanied tlie allied armies to Paris in 1814, whence he was dispatched to Rome in the following year as Prussian consul-general. He W'as a great patron of the arts. The revival of fresco painting was due largely to his influ- ence and example. His valuable colleetiim of antiques was bought for the Berlin iluseum of Art, while the frescoes of his mansion at Rome, file so-called Casa Zuceari. 'ere transferred in 1887 to the Berlin National Gallery.

BARTHOLIN, bilr'to-len. A family of Dan- ish scholars of whom the first to win distinction was Kasp.r (1585-1629). He was successively professor of rhetoric, medicine, and theology at the University of Copenhagen, and published, in 1611. Institutioiws AiHifomicw, a text-book of anatomy used throughout Europe in the Seven- teenth Century in German, English, French, and other translations. Of his .sons, Jakob (1623- 53) was a distinguished Orientalist, and Thomas (1616-80), a noted physician, naturalist, and philologist, who revised his father's Anatomy (1641), and was a warm defender of Harvey's iloctrine of the circulation of the l)lood. Thomas had two sons, K.spar (1654-1704), a distin- guished anatomist, and Thojias (1659-90), an antiquarian, author of Antiquitutum Danicaraiii Lihri Trrs (1689), a standard w(jrk.

BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS (named after Kaspar Bartholin, who discovered them). Two