Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/629

BARTH. BARTH, (1824-65). A German explorer and traveler. He was born at Hamburg, and received his education at the University of Berlin. After visiting Italy and Sicily, he embarked, in 1845, at Marseilles, and made excursions into Tunis, Tripoli, and Barea. He afterwards extended his researches into Egypt, Sinai, Palestine, Asia Minor, and Greece, and in 1849 he published, at Berlin, Wanderungen durch die Küstenländer des Mittelmeeres. Late in that year he and Dr. Overweg again sailed from Marseilles as the scientific companions of James Richardson, intrusted by the British Government with a political and commercial mission to Central Africa. Starting from Tripoli, the travelers crossed the Great Desert with much difficulty and danger. In January, 1851, they separated, and Dr. Barth pursued his researches, for the most part, by himself. In March of the same year, Richardson, and in September, 1852, Overweg, having succumbed to the climate, Barth thenceforward was entirely alone. He, however, continued his explorations, which, when he returned to Tripoli in September, 1855, had extended over 24° of latitude and 20° of longitude, from Tripoli in the north to Adamawa in the south, and from Baghirmi in the east to Timbuktu in the west &mdash; upward of 12,000 miles. The range of his investigations and the scientific manner in which he pursued them placed him in the front rank of African explorers. The result of his researches was given in his Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Zentralafrika (5 vols., 1857-58). Afterwards, he made several journeys in Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, and other countries on the Mediterranean. He also published accounts of these travels, as well as works on the dialects of Central Africa.

BARTH, bart. Ft: pron. bar. or BART, (1651-1702). A French^ naval hero. He was born at Dunkirk, and a(. an early age entered the Dutch Navy, but on the outbreak of war between Prance and Holland, he passed over to the French service. As persons not of noble birth could not then obtain the rank of officer in the navy, he became captain of a privateer. In this capacity he displayed astonishing bravery, so that Louis XIV, dispatched him on a special mission to the Mediterranean. He became a terror to the Dutch Navy and a serious menace to the com- merce of Holland. On one occasion, with six vessels, he broke through a blockading fleet, shat- tered a number of the enemy's ships, and con- voyed a trans])ort of grain safely into Dunkirk Harbor. His exploits overcame the disadvan- tages of his birth, and he was made lieitenant and soon after captain in the regular navy. In an action against a superior English force lie was taken prisoner, and carried to Plymouth, from which he made his escape in an open fishing-boat to France. His career continued to be a suc- cession of dare-devil exploits carried out with consummate coolness. He cost the English and the Dutch merchants many millions, and their navies many ships. He was later ennobled by the King, but always remained the same gruff, com- mon sailor. Consult: Badin, Jean Bart (Paris. 1867); LandcUe, Jean Hart et son /i7.s (Paris, 1874).

BARTH, bart, (1847—). A German musician. Ho was born at Pillau, Prus- sia, and was a pupil of von Biilow, Brousart, and Tausig. He was long a member of the well-known trio, Barth, de Ahna, and Haus- niann, whose chamber-music recitals were widely celebrated.

BARTH, Paul (1858—). A German socio- logical writer. He was born at Baruthe in Silesia, August 1, 1858. He is editor of the Vierteljahrssclirift fUr icissenschaftliche Phil- osophie, And a professor (ausserordentlich) in the University of Leipzig. He has written on philosophical subjects, but his Philosophie der (Icschichte uls Soeiologie, the first volume of which appeared in 1897, is the best historical sketch of the development of sociological theory which has been published in Germany. Among Dr. Earth's other writings should be mentioned: Oescit iehfsphilosopliie Iler/els und die Hegelianer his aiif Marx und llartmann (1890); Tiberius (Iraccluis (2d ed., 180.3) ; Beicegqriinden des sitl- lichen Handelns (1889).

BARTHEL, bar'td, Melchior (1025-72). A German sculptor. He was born at Dresden, and studied with his father and with .Johann Boehme, of Schneeberg (1040-45), and settled at Dresden, where he was appointed sculptor to the court. His principal works are the colossal tomb of the Doge Giovanni Pesaro (Santa Maria dei Frari, Venice) ; the statue of John the Baptist (Oratory of Santa Maria, Nazareth) ; and a tomb in San (iiovanni e Paolo, Venice. His numerous ivory carvings in the Green Vault at Dresden are considered superior to his more elaborate works.

BARTHELEMY, bar'ta'l'-me', Antoine. See Proust, Axto^i.x.

BARTHELEMY, Auguste Marseille ( 1796- 1867 ). . Frcncli poet and politician. He was born at Marseilles, studied in the Jesuit College of Juilly, and came to Paris with some repu- tation as a poet after the Restoration. lie speedily acquired fame as a satirist, and his light but stinging verse made all Paris laugh and many statesmen wince. Espeeiallj' the ministers of Charles X. were his prey, and satirical epics named after them, Les Sidiennes, La Villeliade, La Corhicreide, La Peyronneide, followed each other in close succession. Imprisoned for ex- pressing Napoleonic sentiments, he was liberated by the Revolution of .July, and turned at once to the support of Louis Philippe. With time his popularity waned, but he continued to pour out an endless stream of brilliant ver.se to the day almost of his death. His fine talents, however, were too often at the disposal of the highest bidder: and he sang Napoleon III. as he did the Revolution of 1830. Of his serious work, L'ln- Kurreetion and Sapoleon en Egypte, deserve men- tion.

BARTHELEMY, Francois, Marquis de (1747-1830). A French statesman. He was born at Aubagne, in the Department of Bouehes- du-Rhone, and after serving in the bureau of foreign affairs under the Due de Choiseul, acted as secretary of legation in Switzerland, Sweden, and England. The reputation he gained as negotiator of the treaties of Basel (q.v. ) led to his being chosen one of the five directors in 1797. But his royalistic sympathies and his connection with the Clichians (a club of reactionaries) brought about his downfall on the 18th Fructidor (September 4, 1797) and his transportation to Guiana. He escaped from there, returned to France after the 18th Bruniaire (November 9, 1799), and was made a Senator by Napoleon,