Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/628

BAR-SUR-AUBE. 3). It is an ill-built, ancient town, numerous old coins and urns attesting that the Romans nuist have had a station here. Bar-sur-Aube %as de- stroyed by the Huns in the Fifth Century, but was rebuilt soon after, when it became a place of commercial importance. A chapel on the bridge wdiieh crosses the Aube marks the spot from which the Bastard of Bourbon was hurled into the river b3^ command of Charles VII. in 1441. Bar-sur-Aube is noteworthy as the place where the council of the allied sovereigns, which decided the plan of the campaign ending in the first fall of the Empire, was held on February 25, LS14; and where, two days after, the French were defeated by the Allies under the chief com- mand of Schwarzenberg. A good trade in wine, wood, liemp, corn, and wool is carried on. Popu- lation, in 1806, 454S.

BAR-SUR-SEINE, sfin' (Fr., Bar on the Seine). An ancient town of France, in the De- partment of Aube, pleasantly situated on the left bank of the Seine, 19 miles southeast of Troj'es (Jlap: France, L 3). It was an important town in the iliddle Ages. Population, in 189(1, 3157. BARTAS, biir'ta', Guillaume de S.^lluste DU (1544-90). A French Huguenot poet, diplo- mat, and soldier. He was born at ilontfort, and died from wounds received in the battle at Ivry. His La creation (1578), a religious poem, was widely esteemed, passing through thirty edi- tions in six years. He wrote also Judith Urania, La second semaine de la creation, parts of which, as of the first Creation, were translated by King James VI., Thomas Hudson, Yilliam Lisle, and Thomas Winter. Joshua Sylvester's version of the Creation (1598) was once very widely read in both England and America. The original has lines of fine inspiration emerging from a maze of dreary absurdity.

BARTENSTEIN, bar'-ten-stin. A town of East Prussia, situated on the AUe, 35 miles south of Konigsberg. It is a manufacturing town of considerable importance, and noted chiefly as the place where the Bartenstein Treaty was con- cluded between the Prussians and the Russians on April 26, 1807. Population, in 1900. 6779. BARTENSTEIN, biir'ten-stin, Johann Chris- TOPii, Baron (16S9-1767). An Austrian states- man, born at Strassburg. In 1727 he became Secretary of State under the Emperor Charles VI. He retained this position under JIaria The- resa until Kaunitz was summoned to the ilinis- try of Foreign Affairs. His efforts to obtain European recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. proved unsuccessful, and his pol- icy under Maria Theresa led to the humiliating treaties of peace negotiated at Breslau, Dresden, and Aix-la-Chapclle.

BAR'TER (OF. harntcr. harefer. to cheat). In connncrre and political economy, the exchange of one conunodity for another coniinodity. as contrasted with the sale of connnoditios for mcmcy. Among primitive peoples, barter was doubtless the only method of exchange, and is still pursued in trading with savage j)eoples. The trade of modern times, with its development of credit, is largely a system of barter in a modified form. This is seen most clearly in the exchanges be- tween nations, where merchandise imports are balanced off against merchandise exports, and difTerences only liquidated by shipment of coin or bullion. The imi>ortant diflerenee between this modern barter and that of primitive peoples lies in the fact that nionej' intervenes as a stand- ard by which the commodities are measured, even though little money changes hands. Barter ix Law. Some courts have held that a statute which refers in terms to a sale of goods has no application to a barter of them; while other courts have held the opposite view. A power to an agent, or representative of the owner, to sell property, is construed strictly, and hence the possessor of such a power, it is generally held, cannot barter the property. For most purposes, however, the rules governing sales are equally applicable to barter or exchange transactions. Indeed, courts of the highest au- thority have used barter and sale as interchange- able terms. Consult the authorities referred to under the title Sale.

BARTET, biir'ta', Jeanne Julie Regxault (1854 — ). A French actress. She was born at Paris, and studied at the Conservatoire (1871- 72). She was then engaged at the Vaudeville, and made her debut in L'Arlcsienne. Subsequent- ly she won successes in Mnnon Lescaut, Les hunrijeois de Pontarcy, Fromont et Risler, and notably in the creation of the part of the Countess Zicka in Sardou's Dora (1877). Her first appearance at the Theati'e Frangais was as Mile. Henderson, in Daniel Rochat, and before the end of the same year (1880) she was elected a member of the company. She has since added to her reputation by her work in many well- known plays, among them Rui/ Bias. Ipliigenie, Le roi s'amuse, L'Etranyire, Denise. La souris, Thermidor, La paix dn meiwye, and Grosse fur- tune. Her acting is highly praised by the critics and she is very popular.

BARTFELD, bart'felt (Hung. Bart fa). An ancient town of Hiuigary, in the County of Sflros, on the Tapola, about 28 miles north of Eperies (Map: Hungary, G 2). Its chief edifices are the fine Thirteenth-Century Gothic Church of Saint /Egidius. and a handsome Rathaus dating from the Fifteenth Century. There is a considerable trade in linen. About 2 miles to the north of the town, in the midst of pine forests, are the celebrated and nuich-frequented chalybeate springs. Population, in 1890, 5000, mostly Slovaks.

BARTH, biirt. A seaport in Pomerania, Prussia, on the bay of the same name, 17 miles northwest of Stralsund (Map: Prussia, E 1). It has a church dating from the Thirteenth Cen- tury. Among its industries are shipbuilding, beer brewing, and fish curing and packing. It also has iron foundries and machine works. Pop- ulation, in 1890, 55.50: in 1900, 7100. It was once the residence of the dukes of Pomerania, and from 1630 to 1815 belonged to Sweden.

BARTH, (1834&mdash;). A French Orientalist. He was born at Strassburg, March 22, 1834. He is best known by his work in connection with the religions of India. His volume, Les religions de l'Inde (Paris, 1879), was translated into English (London, 1882). Mention may also be made of his Inscriptions sanscrites du Cambodge (Paris, 1885) and of numerous monographs and reviews in Journal Asiatique, in Mélusine, and in the Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique. His annual reports on researches into the history of Indian religions, in Revue de l'Histoire des Religions (1880), are especially valuable. He is a member of the French Institute.