Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/604

BARNARD. he took orders in the Episcopal Church. In 1855 he was professor of astronomy and mathematics in the University of Mississippi, and became president of that institution in 1856. He became president of Columbia College, New York, in 1864, and during twenty-four years labored with great success for its advancement. He was United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, and published a report on machinery and industrial arts, in 1869. He wrote a Treatise on Arithmetic (1830), Analytical Grammar with Symbolic Illustration (1836), Letters on College Government (1855), History of the United States Coast Survey (1857), Recent Progress of Science (1869), The Metric System (1871), and various smaller papers. In 1860 he was one of the party sent to Labrador to observe an eclipse of the sun; in 1862 he was at work on the reduction of Gillis's observations of the stars of the southern hemisphere, and in 1863 he superintended the publication of maps and charts of the United States Coast Survey. He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1860; a member of the board of experts of the Bureau of Mines in 1865, and a member of the American Institute in 1872. He left the bulk of his property to Columbia College. Barnard College, affiliated with Columbia University, is named after him. Consult: Fulton, Memoirs of Barnard (New York. 1896).

BARNARD, George Grey (1863—). An eminent American sculptor, born at Bellefonte. Pa. In 1879 he studied at the Chicago Art School, and for the next three years at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, in Paris. During the next nine years he continued his studies in his own studio in Paris. In 1894 he first exhibited at the Champs de Mars, his work attracting much at- tention, and he was elected an associate of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts. His chief works are "The Two Natures." in the Metro- politan Museum of Art, New York City; "Sleep- ing Boy," "Friendship" (a colossal group for a tomb in Norway), "The Hewers:" a clock- case, 12 feet high, carved in oak and illus- trating Scandinavian mythology, a remarkable production; "Maiden;" "God Pan;" "Eve;" a large fountain in Tampa, Fla., and another at Cairo, Ill., and busts of Abram S. Hewitt, Collis P. Huntington, and A. M. Barnhardt. He was awarded gold medals at the Paris and Pan-Ameri- can exposition. In 1896 Mr. Barnard estab- lished himself in New York City.

BARNARD, Henry (1811-1900). An Ameri- can educational reformer. He was born at Hartford, Conn., graduated at Yale in 1830, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. From 1837 to 1840 he was a member of the State Legis- lature, where his career was marked by his energy in behalf of school and prison reform. Later, as school commissioner of Rhode Island (1843- 49), he manifested the same zeal and virtually revolutionized the educational system of that State. From 1850 until 1854 he was superin- tendent of the Connecticut State schools : from 1857 to 1859 he was president of the University of Wisconsin; from 1865 to 1866 he was president of Saint John's College, Annapolis : and from 1867 to 1870 was the first Ignited States Commissioner of Education. He organized the Bureau of Edu- cation, and in his reports suggested or advocated nearly all of the reforms that have since been

carried out in our educational system. Dr. Bar- nard, while secretary of the Connecticut School Board (1832-42), and later while superintend- ent, published the Connecticut Common School Journal, and while in Rhode Island, the cor- responding journal in that State. In 1855 he founded the American Journal of Education, con- tinuing as editor and chief contributor until 1886, when he published the American Library of Schools and Education, a collection of his own treatises numbering over 800 and filling 52 volumes. Dr. Barnard was, perhaps, the great- est of American educational pioneers, and, like Horace Mann and Dr. Bushnell, will be remem- bered for the enduring heritage he left to the cause of educational enlightenment in this country.

BARNARD, John Gross (1815-82). An American officer and military engineer. He was born in Sheffield, Mass., graduated at West Point in 1833, and was employed as constructing engineer until 1840, rising to the rank of colonel of engineers and brevet major-general. In the Mexican War he fortified Tampico, and in 1851 was chief engineer of the Tehuantepec Survey. He was superintendent of West Point from 1855 to 1856, and for four years was in charge of the defenses of New York Harbor. In the Civil War he served successively as chief engineer of the Department of Washington, as chief engineer (with the rank of brigadier-general) of the Army of the Potomac, and chief engineer on the staff of General Grant. At the close of the war he was brevetted major-general 'for gallant and merito- rious services in the field.' and in December. 1865, became colonel of the Engineer Corps. He subsequently was a member of the boards having charge of fortifications and river and harbor ob- structions. He published, among other works: Phenomena of the Gyroscope (1858); Dangers and Defenses of New York (1859); Notes on Sea- Coast Defense (1861); The Confederate States Army and the Battle of Bull Run (1862).

BARNARD CAS'TLE. A market-town in the county of Durham, England, situated on the Tees, 15 miles northwest of Darlington. On a rocky promontory near the river are the ruins of a castle built in the Thirteenth Century by Barnard Baliol, an ancestor of John Baliol, King of Scotland. There are also a museum and a number of manufacturing establishments. Population, in 1901, 4421.

BARNARD COL'LEGE. A collegiate institution for women, situated in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University (q.v.). Barnard College proper was organized in 1889, as an indirect result of efforts conducted for some years by Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard and others interested in the higher education of women to induce the trustees of Columbia to admit women to its courses upon equal terms with men. Upon the reiterated refusal of the trustees to go further in this direction than to grant the degrees of Columbia to women able to pass the requisite examinations, a movement was started in 1888 to establish a separate woman's college, which, however, should be affiliated with Columbia. In 1889 the charter for such a college was granted. The arrangements then made with Columbia, providing for a varying amount of exchange instruction between the two institutions, proved unsatisfactory, as Barnard was enlarged, and on January 19, 1900. the