Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/589

BARK. or from the exposure of its inner surface to the sun.

. The principal barks used in nieiiieine will lie found notieecl in separate articles. (See Anihra [cabbage bark, Surinam bark]; Angostura Bark: Exostemma [Jamaica bark. Saint Lucia bark, Pitou bark] ; Cascarilla [cascarilla bark, Eleuthera bark] ; Cinchona [cinchona bark, Peruvian bark, Jesuits' bark, Arica bark, Calisaya bark, Carabaya bark, Huanialies bark, Huanuco bark, Jacn bark, Loxa bark, Jlaracaibo bark, ash bark, crown bark, silver bark, yellow bark, tan bark, etc.] ; Clove Bark; Copalche Bark: Cililawan Bark; Winter's Bark.) When bark is mentioned with- out any prefix it is always cinchona, otherwise called Peruvian or Jesuits' bark, which is in- tended. Other barks used medicinally include cinnamon, which is used chiefly for flavoring; granatum, the bark of the pomegranate, used to expel tapeworms (see Anthelmintic) ; and Prunus Virginiana, or wild cherry, an ingredient of many cough mixtures. Rhamnus Purshiana, or Cascara sagrada, is an important derivative of the bark of that plant. tJlmus. or slippery elm, is the inner bark of Ulnnis fulva. It contains a large amount of mucilaginous ma- terial, and is used as a denuilcent. Viburnum prunifolium, a valuable uterine sedative, is ob- tained from the bark of the plant. See Cin- chona.

BARK, or BARQUE (LL. harca, harica, boat, probably dimin. of Ok. /Sapis, baris, row- boat, Coptic hari, boat). A three-masted vessel, which is fore-and-aft rigged on the mizzen-mast, the main and fore being square-rigged. A vessel of any kind, especially a sailing vessel of small size. The distinction between a bark and a barhentine is that the latter has only the fore- mast square-rigged, the main and mizzen masts being fore-and-aft rigged.

BARKAL, biir'kal, or JE'BEL BARKAL. An isolated mountain of sandstone in Nubia, near the Fourth Cataract of the Nile. It is situated about one mile from the river, is some two miles in circumference, and rises abruptly to the height of nearly 400 feet. The summit is flat, forming a broad plateau. In hieroglyphic inscriptions it is called 'the holy mountain.' Its appearance is most picturesque. Between Jebel Barkal and the river lay the ancient Ethiopian capital, Napata, destroyed by the Romans under C. Petronius, in B.C. 24. The site of the city is marked by the ruins of several large temples, among which that of the god Anion is the most conspicuous, and by groups of royal tombs, built in imitation of the Egyptian pyramids, though upon a much smaller scale. Excavations con- ducted at this place by the Egyptian Govern- ment, in 1802, yielded rich results in sculptures and hieroglyphic inscriptions of historic interest. The best representations of the moniuuents of Jebel Barkal are to be found in the fifth volume of Lepsius's Denkmaler (Berlin, 1.S42-4.5), and in Mariette's Moiiunients dii^crs (Paris, 1.872- 80). For descriptions of the locality, consult; Cailliard, Yoyaije a Meroc (Paris, 1810) ; and Hoskins, Travels in Ethiopia (London, 1835).

BARK BEE'TLE, BARK CHATER, or ENGRAVER BEETLE. A minute cylindrical beetle, of the family Scolytida-. These beetles live in or imder bark and in wood. Most of the veiy numerous species burrow between the bark and the wood, and a few forms tunnel through the wood. (See Ambrosia Beetle.) The female starts each series of engravings and deposits her eggs there. The young, on hatching, dig a series of burrows at angles with the original burrow of the parent. These beetles and their young are very destructive to trees, either kill- ing them outright or injuring the value of the wood by means of their burrows. Several de- structive species live in the United States, and one is extremely injurious to the pine forests of Germany.

BARK'ENTINE. See Bark.

BARK'ER, Albert Smith (1843—). An American naval officer, born at Hanson, Mass. He graduated at the United States Naval Acad- emy in 1861, and during the Civil War took part in the capture of New Orleans and the siege of Port Hudson. He was promoted to be com- mander in 1877, and in 1802 to be captain. Dur- ing the Spanish-American War he was in com- mand of the cruiser yewark; and afterwards, in command of the Oregon, succeeded Admiral Dewey as commanding officer of the Asiatic Squadron. In 1901 he became .senior captain, commanding the squadron for special service, and in the same year was made commanding officer of the Brooklyn Navy Yard.

BARKER, Edmund Henry (1788-1839). An English philologist, born December 22, 1788, at Hollym, Yorkshire. He studied at Cambridge. Besides editions of Latin classics, and numerous contributions to periodicals, particularly to the Classical Journal, he was led, during a residence with the famous philologist Parr, to undertake a. revision of Stephens's Thesaurus LinyucB (Ircpcw (12 vols., 182). This gigantic work was violently assailed in the Quarterlij Rcrieio by Blomfield, to whom Barker replied with his Aristarchus Anti-Blomfieldianus (London, 1818) . In 1812 appeared the first volume of his Classical Recreations. He also supplied materials for the composition of Sturtz's Etymolofiicuni Oiidia- num. He likewise translated some works of German philologists, among them Buttmann's Creek Grammar for Hchools. He collected the mass of anecdote and criticism relative to his friend Dr. Parr, which was ])ublished in two volumes in 1828-29, under the title of Parriana, a work well-nigh unreadable, from the super- abundance and ill-digested nature of its matter. He also assisted Professor Dunbar in the com- pilation of his Greek and English Lexicon, pub- lished in 1831. He lost all that he had in a law- suit, so that he was obliged to sell his fine li- brary, and was put into tlie debtors' ])rison. He died in London March 21, 1839, in extreme j)ov- ert.y.

BARKER, (1818-91). An American physician. He was born at Walton, Me. ; gradu- ated at Bowdoin in 1837, and studied medicine at Harvard, Paris, and Edinburgh. He was then professor of midwifery at Bowdoin, and after- wards in the New Y'ork Jledical College; was president of the New Y'ork State Medical So- ciety, and professor of clinical midwifery and diseases of women in Bellevue JMedical College. He wrote, in 1872, a treatise on Puerperal Dis- eases, and a number of papers on other subjects.

BARKER, (1835—). An American scientist. He graduated at the Yale