Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/585

BARGE-BOARD. edge with a board, which either covers a rafter or occupies the place of a rafter itself. These barge-boards were often very richly ornamented, particularly in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth centuries. They are sometimes termed Verge-boards.

BARGÈS, biir'zhes'. (1810—). A French Orientalist. He was born at Auriol (Bouches-du-Rhône) and was educated at Marseilles. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1834, and three years afterwards was appointed to the chair of Arabic at Marseilles. In 1842 he became professor of theology and of Oriental languages at Paris. Among his numerous publications are the following: Temple de Baal à Marseille, ou Grande inscription phénicienne, etc. (1847); Aperçu historique sur l'Eglise épiscopale de Tlemcen (1848); Hébron et le tombeau du patriarche Abraham (1865); Vie du célèbre marabout Cidi Abou Médien (1884); Recherches archéologiques sur les colonies phéniciennes établies sur le littoral de la Celto-Ligurie.

BAR'GHEST. A horrible goblin, with large teeth and claws, fabled to appear in the form of a huge dog or bear. Its appearance to any one portends immediate death or grievous misfortune. The barghest is still fancied to exist in the northern part of England. As to the origin of the name, opinions differ widely. The latter part, ghest, would seem to be identical with the German Geist, English ghost. Some think that 'barghest' is for berg-geist, 'mountain demon"; others refer it to Bär, 'bear,' in allusion to its supposed form.

BARGIEL, biir'gfl, Woldemar (1828-97). A German composer and teacher of music. He was born and died in Berlin. He studied music in Leipzig under Moscheles, Hauptmann, and Gade, and in 1850 began to teach in Berlin, where he made a reputation by publishing pianoforte and orchestral works. In 1859 he was made professor at the Conservatory of Cologne; in 1865 kapell- meister and director of music in Rotterdam, and in 1874 became professor in the Hoehschule für Musik in Berlin. Bargiel was a devoted fol- lower of Schumann (he was a stepbrother of Clara Schumann), and his works, though not numerous, are highly esteemed. He is best known by his overtures to Medea and Pro- metheus, and by his two choruses for female voices, Spring Night and the XXIII. Psalm. Consult J. A. Fuller-Maitland, Masters of Ger- man Music (London, 1894).

BAR'HAM, Richard Harris (1788-1845). An English humorist, known as 'Thomas In- gohlsby.' He was born in Canterbury, December (i, 1788, and died in London. June 17, 1845. He began to study law, left it for the Church, and was (U'dained in 1813. In 1821 he was appointed minor canon of Saint Paul's. London, and three years later became one of the priests in ordinary of His Jfajesty's Cha.pel Royal. In 1837 he l)egan, in Heiitley's Miscellany, the publication of the Iiifiotdsby Legends, a series of eomic talcs in irregular verse, by wljich he gained immediate fame as a humorist. Yet his life was grave and dignified, and he was held in high honor. Though a Tory in polities, he was the lifelong friend of Sydney Smith, the prominent Liberal: and Theodore Hook was also among his intimates. He published two novels, Baldwin and My

Cousin Nicholas, and contributed largely to the Edinburgh Review and the Literary Gazette, "His sound judgment and kind heart made him the trusted counselor, the valued friend, and the frequent peacemaker; and he was intolerant of all that was mean, base, and false." For his biography, consult Barham, The Life and Let- ters of the Rev. R. H. Barham (London, 1880).

BAR HAR'BOR. See Mount Desert.

BAR'-HEBRÆ'US (1226-86). A distin- guished and prolific Arabic and Syriac writer, whose full name was Gregorius Abulfaraj ibn Harun. He was born at Malatia in Armenia, and from the fact that his father Aaron was a Jew by birth, or, at all events, of Jewish descent, the son became known as Bar-Hebræus, that is, 'son of the Hebrew.' Bar-Hebræus himself, however, was a Christian and an adherent of the Jacobite sect. At an early age he entered upon the study of Arabic and Syriac, as well as of philosophy, theology, and medicine, and acquired such distinc- tion that he was known among his contem- poraries as 'the phœnix of the age.' At the age of 18 he went to Antioch and commenced a monastic life. Two years later he was made Bishop of Gubos (near Malatia) and the follow- ing year was transferred to Lakabhin, another diocese adjacent to Malatia. There he remained until 1253, when he was transferred to Aleppo, though he did not assume full charge until 1258. He died at Maragha in Azerbaijan on July 30, 1286.

Despite the absorbing duties incident to the charge of a large diocese, Bar-Hebræus manifested an astonishing literary activity, ranging over history, theology, philosophy, grammar, and medicine. Among his theological works, his critical and doctrinal commentary on the entire Bible, which he called the 'storehouse of secrets,' is the most important. Only portions of this compilation have been published. In the realm of philosophy, he compiled an encyclopædic survey of the whole Aristotelian discipline, which he subsequently rewrote in an abridged form. Best known is his great chronicle of universal history, written in Syriac. Beginning with Adam, it is brought down to his own days. The first part of it was published in Leipzig in 1789 by Bruns and Kirsch, and again by Bedjon (Paris, 1890), and the second and third parts by Abbeloos and Lamy (Louvain, 1872-77, 3 vols.). This work was rewritten by Bar-Hebræus in an abridged form in Arabic and published under the title of History of Dynasties, by Pococke, in a Latin translation, Oxford, 1663, and again at Beirut, 1890, by Salhani. His grammatical treatises, which are exceedingly valuable, were published by Abbé Martin in 1872 (Œuvres grammaticales d'Aboul Faradj dit Bar Hebraus, Paris, 1872, 2 vols.). Besides this, there are numerous medical treatises, mostly unpublished, as well as astronomical and cosmographical writings, and also a number of poems and tales.

BARI, bji're. An archiepiscopal city and flourishing seaport on the Adriatic, in Southern Italy (Map: Italy, L 6). It is the capital of the Province of Bari delle Puglie, and is on the Bologna-Brindisi Railway, 69 miles northwest of Brindisi. The old part of the town, which is on the tongue of land that divides the old harbor from the new, has narrow, crooked, gloomy streets. The new part of the town is on