Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/584

BARERE DE VIEUZAC. which he held till 1840. His Mémoires, which were published at Paris in 1834, have been translated into English by Payne (London, 1896).

BARETTA-WORMS, ba're'ta' vorms' (1856—). A French actress, member of the Comédie Française. She was born at Avignon and entered the Conservatoire when only twelve years old, leaving it in 1872, with a second prize in comedy. After engagements at the Odéon and the Vaudeville, she made her début at the Théâtre Français in 1875, as Henriette in Les femmes savantes, and the next year became a member of the company. Among her successes there have been her performanes in ''Le mariage de Victorine, La maîtresse légitime, Les corbeaux. Antigone, Le gendre de Monsieur Poirier, and Le jeu de l'amour et du hasard.'' She was married to M. Worms, a colleague at the Théâtre, in 1883.

BARETTI, ba-ret'te, (1719-89). An Italian critic, endeared to Englishmen as a friend of Johnson and Reynolds, and an imitator of the Spectator. He was born in Turin; his father destined him for the law, but at the age of 16 he fled from home, and for many years led a roving life, supporting himself by his pen. In 1751 he established himself as a teacher of Italian in London, where he secured an appointment as secretary to the Royal Academy of Painting, and thus came in contact with Johnson, Garrick, and other members of their set. In 1757 he published his Italian Library, giving accounts of the most eminent Italian authors and their works, and five years later issued his Lettere famigliari, describing his travels through Spain, Portugal, and southern France. Returning to Italy, he started a critical journal, the Frusta letteraria, or Literary Scourge, the bitter invective of which caused it to be speedily suppressed. Soon after his return to England, he became involved in a street brawl, and mortally stabbed a man with his penknife. He was tried for murder, made his own defense, and was acquitted. Dr. Johnson, Burke, and Garrick testifying to his good character. He died in London. His works include a Dictionary of the English and Italian Languages and an Italian Grammar, which have gone through many editions. His collected works were last published at Milan, in 1838. Consult Garizio, Giuseppe Baretti e i suoi tempi (Turin, 1872).

BARFLEUR, biir'fler' (projection on the channel, from Gael, barr, Scand. bard, projection, summit, + Teut. fleot, fliez, flush of water, canal. Ger. Fliess, Dutch vliet, AS.fleot = Engl. fleet, a river). A seaport and summer resort in the Department of Manche, France. 16 miles east of Cherbourg (Map: France, E 2). There is good sea-bathing and some trade in timber, cider, and fish. Up to the time of Henry IV., of England, it was strongly fortified, and a port of arrival from England. Population, in 1897, 1189.

BARFOD, bar'fcit. (1811-96). A Danish historian, born at Lyngby (Jutland). In 1848-49 he was a member of the Constitutional Assembly, subsequently also of the Folkething, and an official in the Ministry of the Interior. In 1866 he became an assistant in the Royal Library at Copenhagen. He was an advocate of Scandinavian unity. His principal work is Fortællinger af Fædrelandets Historie, "Tales from the History of the Fatherland" (4th ed., 1874).

BARFUSS, bar'foos, Count (1635-1704). A Prussian field-marshal, born at Mögelin (Brandenburg). He first became prominent in 1678 as a colonel in the war against Sweden, and in the war against the Turks on much distinction as commander of the left wing at the storming of Buda in 1686. With an auxiliary force of 6000, he took a prominent part in the victory over the Turks at Salankamen (1691). Subsequently he was active in various cabals of the court, until expelled through the influence of his rival Von Wartenberg.

BAR'GAIN (OF. bargaigner, to chaffer, LL. barcaniare, to traffic, change about, from barca, bark, boat for traffic) AND SALE. A mode of conveying lands at common law, owing its efficacy to "the Statute of Uses (q.v.) . Technically the transaction was a bargain, or agreement, on the part of the vendor (hence called the bargainor), which amounted to a declaration of trust in favor of the purchaser (known as the bargainee), and which, being a 'dry' or passive trust, was thereupon executed by the force of the statute, transferring the title of the property from the former to the latter. It was essential to the efficacy of a bargain and sale that it should be based upon a valuable consideration, in order that it should operate to create a trust or to transfer the legal title to the lands affected thereby. The correlative transaction, where such a bargain or declaration of trust was made, without a material consideration, to a blood relation of the vendor, was known as a covenant to stand seised to the use of the latter. This was said to be based on the consideration of blood and affection, and was described as a 'good,' as distinguished from a 'valuable' consideration. It is

to the prevalence of these forms of conveyance — which were by no means the only methods by which lands could be conveyed — that we owe the general but erroneous belief that a conveyance of lands not made to a relative of the grantor always requires a valuable consideration. The ancient conveyance by feoffment (q.v.) and the modern conveyance by grant (q.v.) have always been effective without an actual or pretended consideration. In order to avoid the registration of a deed of bargain and sale required by the Statute of Enrollments (27 Hen. VIII., c. 16, 1535), the modern deed of Lease and Release was invented, which was in effect a bargain and sale of the lands to be conveyed, for a year, followed by a release (q.v.), or quitclaim (q.v.), by the vendor of his reversionary estate as landlord. In this form the conveyance by bargain and sale was the usual mode of transferring the title to lands in England for three hundred years, and in the United States until the enactment of statutes, during the last century, substituting the more direct and convenient deeds of grant (q.v.), now generally in use. Deeds of bargain and sale and of lease and release, though infrequent and no longer necessary, may still be used. Consult: Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England; Williams, Principles of the Law of Real Property, 17th International ed. (London, 1892; Boston, 1894).

BARGE'-BOARD (cf. LL. bargus, a sort of gallows). In wooden domestic architecture, in England, and later in Switzerland, when the roof projects considerably over the wall of a house, the gable is generally furnished along its