Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/583

BAREBONES PARLIAMENT. 1653. the majority of its meiiihers |ilaccii their resignation in hia hands. Consult: Carlyle, Cromuell's Letters and Speeches, Vol. II. (New York, 1874) : Green, History of EiKihind. Vol. III. (Xew York, 1879): Inderwiek, r/ie Inter- regnum (London, 1891) : Gardiner, Constitution- al Documents (Oxford, 1889) ; and especially id., Histori/ of the Commonircalth and Pro- tertorate. Vol. II. (London, New York, and Bom- hay. 1807).

BARE'FOOT'ED (in Lat. distnUrnli. shoe- less). An appellation given to certain monks and nims who abstain from wearing any covering on the feet, either entirely (as the Alcantarines, who originated at Placentia, in 8]iain, in 1540), or for a specified period of the year (as the nuns of Our Lady of Calvary) ; or who, instead of shoes, wear merely sandals, i.e. soles of wood, leather, rope, or straw fastened by, thongs. They do not constitute a separate order in the Roman Catholic Church, but are to be found as representing a higher grade of asceticism with more or less severity of observ- ance, among most of the orders, Carmelites, Franciscans, Augustines. Eremites, Capuchins, etc. This form of religious austerity is to be traced generally to the custom which i)revailed among the Jews and Romans of putting oil' their shoes on the occurrence of public calamities, that in this condition of mourning and humiliation they might implore the Divine Being for deliver- ance; but perhaps more particularly to the com- mand which Christ gave his disciples (Matt. x. 10: Luke x. 4).

BAREGE, bii'razh'. A mixed tissue adapted for women's dresses, called in France crfpe-dc- bitrryc. The name is derived from tlic valley of Bareges, where they were tirst manufactured, the seat of the manufacture at present being at Bagn^res de Bigorre. Bareges are usually a mix- ture of silk and worsted: an inferior kind being composed of cotton and worsted. They vary in color, and are sometimes light in tint, with printed patterns. All are of a slight fabric for simuner wear. The best are manufactured in France.

BAREGES, or BAREGES-AUX-BAINS, iVba.N"'. A watering-place in the department of Hautes-Pyrenees, France, picturesipiely situated in the valley of the river Bastan, 4000 feet above the sea, 24 miles south of Tarbes. It con- .sists of a single street of some 80 houses, running along the narrow, rugged glen. The springs are considered efficacious in rheumatism, scrofida, and old wounds. It is annually visited by about 4000 invalids. The bath establish- ment is a fine marble building. Other prominent institutions are the Military Hospital and the F.cclesiastical Charity Hospital of Sainte Eu- gf'uie.

BAREILLY, ba-ra'le, or BARELI. The capital of the Bareli District in the Rohilkhund Division of the Northwest Provinces, British India (Map: India, C 3). It is in latitude 28° 23' N., and longitude 79° 28' E.. 152 miles east of Delhi. It is pleasantly situated in a well-wooded country on the left bank of the .lua, an affluent of the western Raingdauga, but possesses no architectural beauty. Besides a brisk and lucrative commerce in grain, cot- ton, and sugar, the octroi on which is the chief source of municipal revenue, it has con- siderable manufactures, more particularly of or- namental chairs and tables. It is the seat of a well-attended Giovernment college. Bareilly be- came notorious during the Mutiny of 1857 by the massacre of Europeans on the 31st of May. It was recaptured by Sir Colin Campbell, after- wards Lord Clvde, in Mav, 1858. Population, in 1891, 121,000; in 1901, 117,400.

BARELI. See Baeeiliy.

BARENTS, bii'rcnts, Willem (?-1597). A Dutch explorer of the Arctic Ocean. He sailed from Holland in June, 1594, to find a northeast route to China, and explored a great part of Nova Zembla. In May, 1590, he went as pilot of two ships sent out by the city of Amsterdam. At Spitzbergen the ships separated and Barents guided one of them around Nova Zembla. At Ice Haven it was frozen in, and here Barents and his companions were forced to remain for months, suffering terribly from the intense cold. Many of the crew died in the course of the winter. On .Tune 14. 1507, the survivors started in open boats for the mainland. Barents and four of his companions soon succumbed, but the rest reached Lapland, where they found the other vessel, and were rescued. Interesting relies of this expedition were discovered in 1871 by Captain Carlsen; they were found undisturbed after a lapse of 274 years. Consult Gerrit de Veer, The Three Voyayes of Willem Barents, published by the I^akluyi. Society (London, I87C).

BARERE DE VIEUZAC, ba'rar' dc vye'zuk', Bertrand ( 1755-1841 ). A member of the French National Convention. He was born at Tarbes and practiced law at Toulouse. After acting as deputy in the States-General and editing a daily Revolutionary paper, Le Point du Jour, he was sent in 1792 to the National Convention by the Department of Hautes-Pyrenees. He is said to have been personally in favor of mod- erate action, but he was easily overawed by the influeiice of the party of the ilountain, and led away by his desire for leadership and love of applause. His eloquence was so poetical that he came to be known as 'the Anacreon of the guillotine.' He was reporter from the committee on war, where he sat with Danton, and presided over the Convention when sentence was passed on Louis XVI., rejecting the King's appeal to the people, with the words, "The law is for death, and I am here only as the organ of the law." His inborn mildness warring with the instinct of self- preservation made him alternately a supporter of merciful measures and a bloodtliirsty advocate of the guillotine; but his entire public career in- dicates a man of essential cowardice, far more selfish than patriotic. After the fall of Robes- pierre, whom he helped to overthrow, Barftre proposed the continuation of the Revolutionary Tribunal, but was denounced, impeached, and sentenced to transportation. He was saved, however, by the general amnesty after the 18th Brumaire. Elected as de]nity during the Hundred Days, he was banislie'd after the second Restoration, and devoted himself to liter- ary work at Brussels, till the Revolution of July- permitted his return. In 1832 ho was once more elected as a deputy from the Hautes-Pyrenees. His election, however, was annulled on account of errors in form, whereupon the Government gave him an official position in his Department,