Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/580

BARCLAY. source of which is God, or, more properly Christ, 'who is the light that lighteth every man that cometh into the world.' In 1677 appeared his Treatise on Universal Love. It was the first of that long series of noble and gentle remonstrances against the criminality of war that has so honorably distinguished the Society of Friends. It was addressed to the ambassadors of the several princes of Europe, met at Nimeguen, and was composed in prison at Ury, near the city of Aberdeen, where he, his father, and many other Friends were confined for their faith's sake. He was released after five months, and during the latter part of his life enjoyed court favor unmolested. In 1683 the Duke of York gave the Friends the patent of the Province of East Jersey, and Barclay was made nominal governor. He never came to America, however. In 1686 he published his last work, which was a defense of the doctrine of 'immediate revelation.' He died at Ury, October 3, 1690. His estate remained in the possession of his descendants till the death, in 1854, of Robert Barclay Allardice. better known as Captain Barclay, the famous pedestrian. 'The Apologist's Study,' which remained much as he left it, was long an object of pilgrimage with members of the Society of Friends; but it was destroyed a few years ago, when the old house of Ury was pulled down. Barclay's works were published in a collected edition entitled Truth Triumphant (London, 1692; later edition, 1717-18, 3 vols.). For his biography, consult Wilson Armistead (Manchester, 1850). His Apology and Catechism and Treatise on Church Government (formerly called, as above, The Anarchy of the Ranters) have been reprinted by the Friends' Book Store (Philadelphia).

BARCLAY, (?-1837). A Scottish naval officer. He served at Trafalgar, and in 1813 fitted out the English fleet on Lake Erie. In command of this fleet, he was defeated in the battle of Lake Erie, September 10, by Commodore O. H. Perry (q.v.). During the battle he was seriously wounded. Subsequently he was tried by court-martial for the surrender of his fleet, but was acquitted.

BARCLAY DE TOLLY, biir-kll' de t6-le', , Prince (1761-1818). A Russian general. He was descended from an old Scotch family settled in Livonia, and entered a Russian regiment of cuirassiers, with the rank of sergeant. He fought with great bravery in the Turkish War of 1788-89, in the campaign against Sweden in 1790, and in those against Poland in 1792 and 1794. In the year 1806, at Pultusk, as major-general, he commanded Bennigsen's advance guard. He was wounded at the battle of Eylau, in 1807. In 1808 he distinguished himself in Finland, and in 1809 he led a force across the frozen Gulf of Bothnia to Sweden. Although hated by the Russian national party as a foreigner, he was appointed Minister of War by the Emperor Alexander in 1810 — an office which he held till 1813. In 1812 he was made commander-in-chief of the Army of the West. His retreat to Smolensk, and the loss of the battle fought there on the 17th of August, raised the hatred of the Russian national party to a greater height than ever, and he was obliged to yield the chief command to Kutusoff. Barclay's Fabian tactics, although extremely unpopular with the mass of Russians, in the end brought about the destruction of Napoleon. At the battle of the Moskva or Borodino, he commanded the right wing. After the death of Kutusoff he again rose to prominence, did brilliant service in the battle of Bautzen (1813), and was once more placed in command of the army. He afterwards took part in the battles of Dresden, Culm, and Leipzig. He was made prince and field-marshal. He died at Insterburg, in East Prussia.

BAR'CLAY SOUND. An inlet on the west coast of Vancouver Island. British Columbia, Canada. It extends eastward for about 35 miles, and is continued inland by the Alberni Canal, which drains the Great Central, Sproats, and Nahmint lakes. The northern and southern extremities of the Sound are called respectively Cape Beale, marked by a lighthouse, and Amphitrite Point. Broken Group and several other islands are in its waters. Deposits of iron-bearing ores exist on its shores.

BAR'-COCH'BA, The leader of the Jews in their great insurrection against the Romans, under the Emperor Hadrian, from A.D. 132 to 135. Hadrian's attempt to Romanize Judea through the transformation of Jerusalem into a pagan city, and the gradual obliteration of Jewish customs, had awakened the fanatic zeal of the people all over the Empire. Between A.D. 115 and 118, the Jews rose in revolt in Cyrene, Egypt, Cyprus, and Mesopotamia, while in Palestine only the influence of the aged Joshua, the Taanite, retarded the outbreak. Under the inspiration of Akiba, the successor of Joshua, secret preparations were begun for a rising of the entire nation. At the head of the movement stood Simon Bar Cosiba (that is, of the town of Kosiba) who assumed the name of Bar-cochba, or, 'son of the star,' pretending that the prophecy was to be fulfilled in him, "There shall come a star out of Jacob" (Num. xxiv. 17 ). From all over the Orient, Jews thronged to join his armies, which, at the height of his power, numbered no less than 400,000 men. He fought at first with great success against the Romans, and even obliged them to evacuate Jerusalem, where he was proclaimed King, and coins were struck to commemorate the resurrection of the Jewish State (A.D. 132). The war spread over all the country of Palestine, and 50 towns, besides many villages and hamlets, came into the possession of the Jews. But on the arrival of Hadrian's general, Julius Severus, Jerusalem was retaken; and in August, 135, Bethar, the last strong fortress held by the Jews, was stormed by the Romans after a siege of nearly a year. According to Dio Cassius half a million of Jews perished in the assault and the massacre that followed, and among them fell Bar-cochba. After the war, many men were executed, thousands of women and children were sold into slavery, and cruel edicts were issued against the survivors. From this last struggle dates the final dispersion of the Jews over the face of the earth. The holy city was razed to the ground and rebuilt under another name. For a detailed account of the struggle, consult: Münter, Der jüdische Krieg unter den Kaisern Trajan und Hadrian (Altona, 1821); Schwarz, Der Bar-Kochbaische Aufstand (Brünn, 1885).

BARD. A village in Northern Italy, on the Dora Baltea River, and the Turin-Aosta Railway, 51 miles north of Turin (Map: Italy, B 2). Near