Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/565

BAPTISTS. caster, where they lived a very austere community life. They spread to several of the adjacent counties, and there are now six congregations of this order. For the early history, see the Chronicon Ephratense.

originated as a sepa- rate body in 1690, when five London churches, dissatisfied with the Baptist Confession of the pre- vious year, met and formed an assembly of their own, on the basis of the six principles enumer- ated in Heb. vi. 1-2: Repentance, faith, baptism, laving on of hands, the resurrection of the dead, eternal life. In fact, they differed only on the question of laying hands immediately on all baptized persons. They were composed of both Calvinistic and Arminian Baptists, but the for- mer withdrew after a time, and the remainder became absorbed into the General Baptists. Six- Principle Baptists existed in Rhode Island from the foundation of the first Baptist church in Providence, some of the founders having been of that persuasion. This church was divided on this issue in 1653, and the Calvinistic half be- came extinct. In 1771 the surviving Six-Princi- ple wing, which until then had been Arminian in belief, was persuaded by Rev. James Manning, then its pastor as well as the president of Rhode Island College, to adopt a Calvinistic Confession. The churches of this order are confined to New England, and are gradually becoming extinct. There are no statistics later than the census of 1890, which assigns them 18 churches and 937 members.

The name taken on their union by Baptist churches in the South once known as 'Old Lights,' and 'Separates' or 'New Lights.' The division arose in consequence of the Whitefield revival, and was common to sev- eral denominations in the seaboard States. Most of the United Baptists came into full fellowship with other (regular) Baptists, with or without dropping the name; but in five Southern States (hey still maintain not only the name, but a separate organization. They have 204 churches and 13.209 members, according to the census of 1890, the latest statistics available.

a small body, extremely Calvinistic, owing their rise to certain theological vagaries of Elder Daniel Parker, a Baptist preacher of Tennessee from 1806 to 1836. It was sought to explain the doctrine of election by speculation of a Manichæan nature, the gist of which was that some of Eve's offspring were the seed of God, and so elect to eternal life; while some, corrupted by Satan, were his seed and foreordained to the kingdom of eternal darkness. They incline toward Antinomianism, object to a paid ministry, and agree with the Primitive Baptists in reprobating 'modern institutions.' Their strength is in Kentucky, Arkansas, and Texas, though they are found also in 21 other States. In 1890 they had 473 churches and 12,851 members.

BAPTIST YOUNG PEO'PLES UN'ION OF AMER'ICA. A society organized in Chicago in 1891. It has its headquarters in Chicago, and publishes a weekly paper, The Baptist Union. It numbered in 1900 about 500,000 members. See L. V. Bacon and C. A. Northrop, Young People's Societies (New York, 1900).

BAR. A town in the Government of Podolia, Russia, on a tributary of the Bug, 106 miles northeast of Kamenetz-Podolsk (Map: Russia, C 5). It is a town of wooden houses. Brick-making, leather-dressing, and distilling are among its industries, and a trade in grain is carried on. Eleven fairs are held annually. Population, in 1885, 13,434; in 1897, 10,614. The 'Confederacy of Bar,' under the leadership of Krasinski and Pulaski, was formed here. February 9, 1768, with the object of maintaining the independence of Poland and checking the growth of Russian influence.

BAR. In hydrography, a bank or shoal formed by the deposition of sand and silt from water. Bars frequently occur at the mouth of a river where the outflowing water with suspended mud is checked in its motion by the sea, the coarser material thus having a chance to sink to the bottom. The sand along the bank of a river, carried to its mouth by the wind and the water, and the sand that is carried inward from the sea by the tidal waves, also contribute to the formation of bars. When the river cuts its way through the obstructing mass at its mouth a delta may be formed. The decreased velocity of current in portions of a river channel gives rise to bars, which are subject to removals and rebuildings, and are capable of causing continual shifting of the river channels. The Mississippi in America, the lower course of the Rhine in Europe, and the Hoang-ho in China, present excellent examples of this phenomenon. Bars also form along seacoasts that are swept by tidal currents wherever there is sufficient decrease of velocity to allow a deposition of silt. They occur here as barriers, often of considerable extent, which are separated from the shore by lagoons of salt or brackish water. See ; ; ; and.

BAR. In the mechanical arts, any elongated piece of metal, wood, or other substance of a regular section used for mechanical purposes, as the bar of a capstan or press, the bars of a grate, the bars of a fence, gate, doors, or win- dows. Metal bars are usually manufactured by rolling or forging. See ; and .

BAR, A vertical line drawn across the stave to divide a musical composition into portions of equal duration, and to indicate the accent, which usually falls on the note immediately following. Each of these small portions, called Measures, is also popularly termed a bar. The use of the bar dates from the Fifteenth Century. A double bar formed of two parallel vertical lines is always placed at the end of a composition or of a section thereof. Sometimes at the close of a section it is accompanied by dots, showing that a certain portion is to be played again. See.

BAR. In heraldry (q.v.), one of the charges known as ordinaries.

BAR. In law, a term originally applied to the rail which separated the court officials from the suitors, their advocates, and friends. When an action was brought to trial the suitors presented themselves at the bar, accompanied by their advocates, who addressed the court from that position. Hence the secondary signification of the term, as denoting those whose profession it is to appear at the bar on behalf of suitors. From the word, in this sense, comes barrister (q.v.). See also ; and.