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BANGS. His Housc-Boat on the tilyx (1896) contains much amusing anachronism, a vein of which effective use is also made in The Pursuit of the Houf:e-Boat (1897). His other works imhule Mr. Bonaparte of Corsica ( 1S95) ; The Enchanted Typeicriter (1899) ; Uncle .S'um, Trustee (1902) : and Olympian Xi<jhts (1902).

BANGS, Lemuel Bolton (1842 — ). An American i^hysician, born in New York City. He graduated at the College of Phj-sicians and Sur- geons in 1872. and for a time was professor of genito-urinarv diseases in the New York Post- Graduate Jledical School and Hospital, and genito-urinary surgeon in Saint Mark's Hospital,
 * New Y'ork. He has also been consulting surgeon

for various other New York and Brooklyn hospi- tals, and attending surgeon at the Bellevue Hos- pital. He was president of the American Asso- ciation of Genito-Urinary Surgeons in 1895, and is a member of the American Medical Associa- tion. He has written an American Text-Book of Genito-Urinary Diseases (1898).

BANGS, Nathan (1778-1862). An Ameri- can clergyman. He was born in Connecticut. He beoan to"preach as an itinerant in ISOl, labored for some vears in Canada, and removed to New- York in 'l810. He was chosen agent of the Methodist Book Concern in 1820, and in 1828 became editor of the Christian Advocate and Journal. In 1829 he was elected bishop of Can- ada, but declined. He became president of the Wesleyan University in 1841, but soon afterwards returned to pastoral work in New York. Dr. Bangs was the author of numerous publications, the most important of which is the History of the Methodist Episcopal Chnrch(i vols. 1839-41).

BANGUED, ban-gaD'. The capital of the Province of Abra, Luzon, in the Philippines. The province is situated in the northern part of the island, and has an area of 3280 square miles with a population of 49.702. The surface bears traces of volcanic origin, but is well wooded and fertile in the valleys. The capital is situ- ated near the river Abra, 236 miles north of Manila. It was first settled in 1598. It has a telegraph-station. Population, in 1898, 13,417.

BANGWEOLO, bring'we-0'16, or BEM'BA. A shallow lake of Central Africa, situated in the northern part of Rhodesia, between latitudes 10' 40' and 12° 15' S., and lonsitudes 29° 30' and 30 0' E. (Map: Africa. G 6). Its total length from north to south is over 100 miles, but it is only lialf that amount in width. Its altitude is about 4000 feet above the sea. A large portion of its southern and eastern area is occupied by marshes thickly overgrown, and most of the open water is bordered bv tall water-reeds. In the northern part are situated a number of small inhabited islets, the largest of which is named Kissi. The chief tributarv of the lake is the Chambezi from the east, while its outlet is the Luapula issuing from its southern end, the lake discharging its surplus waters into tbo river in the wet season. The lake was discovered in 1868 by Livingstone, who died at Chitambo's. in Ilala, on May 1, 1873. Consult: Singer. "Der Bangweolo-See," in Vol. XLIV., Petermnnns Mitfeilunacn (Goiha, 1898); Weatherlev, •'Circumnavigation f Lake Bangveolo," in Geographical Journal, ol. XII., (London, 1898).

BANIAN, biin'yan or niin-yan' (Skt. vamj, mcLuhaut, trader) .' hi India, a merchant or trader generally. It is more particularly applied to the great merchants in the west of India, especially in the seaport towns of Bombay. Sural. Cainbay, etc., who carry on a very extensive trade by means of caravans with the interior of Asia, even to the borders of Russia and China. These merchants travel much, and the establishments and counting-houses of Indian banians are to be found in almost every conmiercial town of any note in Asia. In Bengal, the term banian is often applied to the native cashier in the employ of Europeans. Some of the Jlarathi banians are agriculturists as well as traders, while in the Punjab, the banians. are said to belong in part to the degraded Chamar, or leather-working caste. Broadly speaking, the banians are a sub- division of the Vaisya caste, although in Bengal they are ranked with Sudras. In religion they are'predominaiitly Vishnuites. with a large num- ber of Jains in "the west of India. From its original association with the merchants and the market-place, the banyan-tree of India received its name.

BANIAN. See Bany.vx.

BA'NIM, John (1798-1842). An Irish novelist. He was born at Kilkenny, April 3, 1798. In 1822 John and his older brother Michsel (1796-1874) planned a series of short novels, which should do for Ireland what Scott was doing for Scotland. Three years later ap- peared the O'Earn Talcs, followed in 1826 by a second collection. To each series both broth- ers contributed. These sketches at tis vui..^.i.^nti- once at tracted notice, and they have maintained a place in literature. They contain many vivid por- trayals of character, with the emphasis laid on the" dark side of Irish life. If they have not the liuinor of Maria Edgeworth's Castle RackrenU there is a certain compensation in the poetic feeling of John and in the vigor of ilich.-el. See, for example. Pother Connell. by the latter. John afterwards published several longer novels. The Denounced: The Smuyylcr; and The Mayor of V.'iudmp, besides several dramas, the best- known of which is Damon and Pythias. In 1836, general sympathy having been attracted toward his privations, occasioned by disease that prevented all literary exertion, a pension of £150 per annum from the'Civil List was awarded him, which was afterwards increased b,v £40 for the education of his daughter. He died at Wind- gap Cottage, near Kilkennv, August 13, 1842. Micha-l lived on, writing Clouyh Fion (1852), and Tou-n of the Cascades (1864). He died at Booterstown, near Dublin. Consult Murray, Life of John Banim (London, 1857).

BAN'ISHMENT (for derivation, see Ban). An extrcijie form of punishment for crime in primitive society, consisting in the exclusion of the criminal from the protection of the law, and his abandonment to his enemies and to strangers The ban or sentence of outlawry (q.v.) passed upon him not onlv absolved his family or tribe from all responsibilitv for him. but also involved the conliscation of his lands and goods. It was usuallv incurred for a refusal to submit to the jurisdiction of the tribunals or to the ordinary penalties imposed bv them. In more advanced society, banishment has sometimes been practiced as a puni.shment for crime— usually as a commutation for the death penalty— but in a mitigated form not involving outlawry, but enforced absence from. the country. In this form, either