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BALFOUR. BALFOUR, Isaac Baylet (1853—). A Scottish botanist, boni in Edinburgh. He grad- uated at the University of Edinburgh, studied at ^Strassburg and Wiirzburg, and from 1879 to 188-1 was professor of botany in the University of Glasgow. In 1884-88 he was professor of botany country and partly at the University of Wiseon at Oxford, and in the latter year accepted a simi lar chair at the University of Edinburgh. He is also King's botanist in Scothmd, and keeper of the Eoyal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh. In 1880 he explored the island of Socotra, Indian Ocean, on behalf of the British Association and of the Royal Society, Edinburgh, in Vol. XXXI. (Edinburgh, 1888) of whose Transactions ap peared the botanical results of the journey. He y;,e first Germanic Bihie, and the Other Re- became, in 1887, an editor of the Annals of Bot uny, and has also published "Botany of Rod- riguez," in Philosophical Transactions, Vol. CLXIII. (London, 1879), and editions of several bota^iical works.

BALFOUR, Sir ( ? -1583). A Scotch judge and politician. He was educated for the priesthood, but devoted himself to ecclesi- astical law. Rol)ertson describes him as 'the most corrupt man of his age,' and John Knox called him 'Blasphemous Balfour.' He was im- plicated in the plot for the assassination of Cardinal Beaton, and after the surrender of the Castle of Saint Andrews (June, 1547) was im- prisoned in the French galleys. He regained his freedom, by changing his creed, and returned to Scotland. ' He conspired with Bothwcll for the murder of Darnley, and received the governor- ship of Edinl)urgh Castle. Avhich he later sur- rendered to Murray, in return for a pardon of his share in Darnle'y's death. He was lord presi- dent of the Court of Session during Murray's regency, but, suspected of intriguing with the adherents of the Queen, he was deprived of his ollice in 1508. After Murray's death, Balfour contrived to gain the favor of the new regent, Morton, and received a commission to make a general digest of the law. He was, however, not the sole author of Balfour's Practicks, the earli- est text-book on Scottish law, for. feeling unsafe in Scotland, he absented himself in France dur- ing seven years, until the young King ascended the throne.

BALFOUR, John. One of the Covenanters who resisted the King's troops under Claver- houae (see Graham, John), at Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge, and who jireviously had taken part in the murder of Archbishop Sharpe, in 1079. A picturesque, and, in the main, ac- curate account of Balfour is given by Scott, in Old Mortality, where he is called 'Balfour of Burley,' though he really was Balfour of Kin- loch.

BALFBUSH, liiil-froBsli'. or BARFBUSH (Pers., landing-place, market). An important commercial town in the Persian Province of Ma zanderan, situated on the river Bahbul. about ]2 miles from its mouth in the Caspian Sea (Map: Persia, E 3). It is a clean and well-built town with a fine bazaar and the ruins of an old pleasure palace of Shah Ab- bas. It is connected by a well-shaded road with Meshed-i-Ser, its port, through which it carries on a considerable trade in cotton, dried fruit, and metals, chiefly with Russia. The town is also connected by a road with Teher.nn. The popula- tion was once estimated at 200,000, but it has since been greatly reduced by epidemics, so that at present it is less than 50,000.

BALG, bale, Gerhard Hurert ( 1852 — ). An American philologist, born at Efferen, near Cologne, Germany, and educated partly in that country and partly at the University of Wisconsin, where he graduated in 1881. He received the degree of Ph.D. at Heidelberg, in 1883, and has taught at the University of Wisconsin and at private and public schools in the United States. He is the author of several valuable philological works, notably A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, tvith Especial Reference to English and German (1887-89); The First Germanic Bible, and the Other Remains of the Gothic Language (1891), and an English edition of William Braune's Gothic Grammar ( 1883-95). He also supplied Germanic etymologies for the Htandard Dictionary.

BALGO'WNIE, bal-gou'ne. BRIG OF. A bridge of a single arch, over the Don at Aberdeen, Scotland, built in 13'20.

BALI, ba'le. One of the Dutch East India islands, situated east of Java, from which it is separated by the narrow Bali Strait (Map: East Indies, E 6). The island covers an area of over 2000 square miles. Its surface in general closely resembles that of Java. It is mountain- ous and volcanic, and reaches in its highest sum- mit (the volcano Gunong-Agung), an altitude of 10.400 feet. In the lower portions of the island the common products of the East Indies, such as rice, cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and indigo, arc raised in large quantities. Politically the island is divided into seven semi-independent States, and a small portion annexed to the Dutch residency of Banjuwangis, on Java, and directly administered by a Duich assistant resident. 'The capital is Buleleng. The population of Bali is estimated at 500.000.

The natives, anthropologically, are one of the iviost interesting peoples of Malaysia. Physically and linguistically they are close to the ilalayan or proto-Malayan Javanese, and share the capaci- ties of these ' for culture. In metal-work and sculpture they are markedly successful. The Ba- linese and the natives of the adjacent island of Lombok, alone in Jlalaysia, retain as their re- ligion Brahmanism in a form older than that now found in Hindustan, and other traces of Hindu influence also occur. The participation of the women in trade and industry indicates a power to resist the doctrines of Islam. Of more recent literature since Laut's Bet eiland Bali en (le Balienzen (Amsterdam, 184S) may be men- tioned van Vlijmen's Bali (Amsterdam, 1875). See Inooxesiaxs ; Malays.

BALIKESRI, biiTs-kes'rf, or BALIKISRI. A town of Asiatic Turkey, in the vilayet of Bru- sa, about 75 miles southwest of the city of Brusa (Map: Turkey in Asia, B 3). It contains a number of mosques and is the seat of an annual fair, visited by over 30,000 people. Its popula- tion is over 12,000, about one-fourth Christian.

BALINAG, bii 'It-nag'. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of Bulacan (Map: Luzon. E 7). It is 13 miles north of Bulacan. Population, in 1898, 14,1'22.

BALINESE, b-i'le-nez'. See Bau.

BALINGHEM, ba'hxx'giiN'. The historic site of the "Field of the Cloth of Gold," a small