Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/481

BALDWIN I. was defeated and taken prisoner, April 14, 1205, by the ]5ulgarian king, and probably died al)out a year after (1200) in captivity. The facts al)out his death were never known. In 1225 a usurper attempted to pass himself off for Bald- win, and thus obtain Flanders. Baldwin I. was succeeded liy liis brother Henry. Consult: Pears, Fall of Constfiiitiiiriple ( I^ondon, 1885) : Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, new ed. Vol. VI. (London. 1898).

BALDWIN II. (1217-73). The last Latin Einpernr of Constantinople, from 12.39 to 1261. He was the son of Peter II. (de Courtenay), and the nephew of Baldwin I. When his brother Robert died, in 1228, Baldwin was too young to rule, and an agreement was made with Jolin of Brienne, who had been King of Jerusalem, by which Baldwin was to marry .John's second daugh- ter, and John was to be emperor until his death. John died ilarch 23, 1237, but as Baldwin was in Western Europe he was not crowned emperor until Decend)er, 1239. His reign was disastrous. He spent much of the time in the West, seeking aid in the defense of his capital. In order to obtain money he sold to Saint Louis of France some of the most sacred relics at Constantinople, to hold which Louis built the Sainte Chapelle at Paris. On the night of .July 25 or 26, 1261, his capital was taken by one of the generals of Jli- ehad Pahcologus, ruler of Nic;ea, and Baldwin tied to Italy. With him terminated the Latin Empire in the East. Consult Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, new ed.. Vol. VI. (London. 1898).

BALDWIN, Count. The opinionated father of I'.iroii ((|.v.) and Carlos in Southerne's trag- edy. The Fatal Marriage (q.v.). He cuts off Biron from his inheritance, ousts Biron's wife from his house, and thus becomes the cause of the whole tragedy.

BALDWIN, (1754-1807). An American statesman. He was born at Guilford, Conn., and graduated at Yale in 1772. In 1777 he entered the army as chaplain, and served until the close of the Revolutionary War, when he removed to Savannah. Ga. In 1784 he was sent to the State Legislature, and from 1786 to 1788 was a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was a prominent member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1787, and as such cast an important vote, leading to a compromise, the result of which was the creation of the United States Senate. He was a member of Congress from 1780 to 1799, and was United States Sena- tor from 1799 until his death, serving in 1801 and 1802 as president pro tern. In 1802 he was one of the three Georgia commissioners who negotiated the cession to the Federal Govern- jnent of a large part of the State's western lands. He conceived the plan of the University of Georgia, obtained a charter for it, and from 1786 to 1801 served as its first president.

BALDWIN, Charles H. (1822-88). An Amcriean nnval officer, born in New York City. He entered the navy in 1839, served as midship- man during the Jlexican War, and became a lieutenant in 1853. He resigned in the follow- ing year, but reentered the service in 1861, and in 1862 conunanded the Clifton, of the mortar flotilla under Farragut, at Forts Jackson and' Saint Philip. In 1869 he was appointed captain, and in 1883 was promoted to be rear-admiral, commanding the Mediterranean Squadron. He was retired in 1884.

BALDWIN, Evelyn Briggs (1862—). An American Arctic explorer, born at Springfield, Mo. He studied at Northwestern College ( Naper- ville, 111.), and taught in the public schools of Kansas in 1887-91. In 1892 he was appointed observer in the United .States W'eather Bureau. Subsequently he became an inspectorat-large in the United States Signal Corps. In 1893-94 he was meteorologist of the Peary Expedition to North Greenland, and in a similar capacity ac- companied in 1898-99 the Walter Wellman Ex- pedition to Franz-Josef Land. He discovered and explored Graham Bell Land in May, 1899. In 1901 he organized the Baldwin-Ziegler Ex- pedition, sailing under his conuuand for the discovery of the North Pole by way of Franz- Josef Land. The expedition returned in 1902, having deposited several caches of provisions in Franz-.Josef Land. Baldwin wrote for periodi- cals several articles dealing with Arctic life.

BALDWIN, James (1841—). An American author and compiler, born in Hamilton County, Ind. He was for a time superintendent of schools at Huntington, Ind. ; in 1887-90 was connected with the educational department of Harper & Bros., New York, and from 1890 to 1893 was assistant editor of Harper's ilagaxine. From 1893 to 1900 he was school-book editor for the American Book Company. His publications number Six Centuries of English Poetry (New York, 1892) : The Famous Allegories ( ib., 1893) ; Old Greek Stories (ib., 1895)'; The Horse Fair (ib., 1895) ; and Four Great Americans (Chicago, 1896).

BALDWIN, James Mark (1801—). An American psychologist, born at Columbia, S. C. He graduated at Princeton in 1884 ; studied at Leipzig, Berlin, and Tiibingen : was instructor in German at Princeton in 1886-87, and professor of philosophy at Lake Forest University (I11.) in 1887-89. From 1889 to 1893 he was professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto, Canada, and in the latter year was appointed to the chair of psychology at Princeton. In 1892 he was vice-president of the International Congress of Psychology, London, and in 1897-98 was president of the American Psychological Association. He is a prominent advocate of experimental psychology, to whose problems he has made original contributions concerning illusions, organic selection, reaction-time, and other subjects. With Professor Cattell, of Columbia, he founded the Psychological Review. He is editor-in-chief of the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology (1901). Among his other publications are: A Handbook of Psychology, 2 vols. (1888); Elements of Psychology (1893); Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Derelopment (1897), translated into French and German, his most important work; and The Story of the Mind (1898).

BALDWIN, John Denison (1810-83). An American journalist, born at North Stoughton, Conn. He was self-educated, studied law and theology, and for several years after 1833 was pastor of a church at North Bradford, Conn. He was editor successively of the Charter Oak, a Hartford newspaper, the Boston Common- wealth, and the Worcester Spy; was three times chosen member of Congress, and wrote exten-