Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/468

BAKER. England in 1873 to explore the northeastern frontier of Persia, and described his journey in Clouds in the East (1876). In 1875 he was imprisoned and cashiered for insulting a lady in a railway carriage. He entered the sei-vice of the Sultan in 1877, took part in the Turko- Russian War as major-general unattached in Mehemet All's army, and wrote a history of that campaign, entitled The War in Bulgaria (2 vols.. 1870). He was summoned to Cairo by the Khedive in 1882, and was ap])ointed com- mander-in-chief of the Egyptian army. Ordered to Suakim after the defeat of Hicks Pasha (November, 1883), he was defeated near Tokar by a body of Osman Digna's troops in 1884. He then returned to England, and in 1885 was appointed to General Wolseley's staff; but Queen Victoria refused to ratify any appoint- ment restoring him to the British Army. In 1887 he went again to Egypt, and died at Tel el-Kebir.

BAKER, (1825-83). An American author, born in Washington. He graduated at Princeton, and was a Presbyterian pastor successively at Galveston and Austin, Tex., and at Newburyport and South Boston, Mass. Besides Inside: A Chronicle of Secession (1806), considered his most important work, he wrote a number of tales, including The Virginians, in Texas (1878): The New Timothy, His Majesty Myself (1879) ; and Blessed Saint Certainty (1881).

BAKER, AND THE BAKER'S WIFE, The. Popular names for Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, because of their giving bread to the starving rioters who collected before the Palace of Versailles, October 6, 1789.

BAKER CITY. A city and county-seat of Baker County, Ore.. 357 miles east by south of Portland, on the Powder River, and on the line of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Com- pany ( Map : Oregon, H 5 ). It is in the centre •of the eastern Oregon mining region, and has a considerable trade as a distributing point for this district, as well as an export trade in lumber, wool, live stock, and products of the mines. Gold-mining, lumbering, stock-raising, and agriculture are the leading industries, and manufacturing interests are represented by saw and planing mills, iron-works, brewery, brick- yards, etc. Among points of interest in or near the city are the opera-house. Masonic temple, natat-orium, and several of the mines. Settled in 1860, Baker City was incorporated in 1872. Under a charter of 1898, the government is vested in a mayor, biennially elected, and a eitv coiuicil. There are municipal water-works. Population, in 1890, 2604; in 1900, 6663.

BAK'ERIES,. See Field Kitch- en.

BAKER'S AN'TELOPE. A large antelope {Hippotrnrjus Bakeri) of the Sudan, with horns of a massive type. It is pale liver-red. with pen- ciled ears and some black stripes on the shoul- ders. It was named after its discoverer, Sir Samuel Baker.

BAKER'S DOZ'EN. The number thirteen instead of the usual twelve. The custom of using thirteen for a dozen is supposed to have originated when heavy fines were imposed for short weights, and the bakers in particular gave an extra unit to secure themselves against a possible short weight. The number thirteen has also been called the Devil's Dozen, referring in that case to the number of witches who assem- bled at each of their great festivals, and to the superstition that thirteen is an unlucky number. See Witchcraft.

BAK'ERSFIELD. A city and the county- seat of Kern County. Cal.. 85 miles northwest of Los Angeles ; on the Kern River, and on the Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railroads (Map: California, D 4). It has a public library and fine county buildings. The city controls important commercial interests as the centre of an oil, live-stock, and fruit-grow- ing region; and contains foundries and machine- shops, refineries, planing and flouring mills, fruit and meat packing houses, tank factory, etc. Valuable electric power, derived from the Kern River, is utilized by the street railway, water and electric-light companies, and manufac- turing industries, and in several irrigation plants for pumping purposes. Bakersfield was settled in 1872. Population, in 1880, 801 ; in 1890, 2626; in 1900, 4836.

BAKE'WELL (anciently, Badecan - willan, ' protected wells, from AS. J,eccai?, Ger. decken, to i cover = icella, wylla, spring, Eng. well). A small but ancient town in Derbj'shire, England, on the Wye, 25 miles northwest of Derby. It lies in the midst of beautiful scenery; in the vicinity are black marble and limestone quarries, and coal and lead mines. The celebrated .rkwright first established cotton-mills here. The town has chalybeate springs and warm baths, and a spacious old Gothic church. Three miles from the town is Chatsworth House, the seat of the Duke of Devonshire. Population, in 1891, 2791; in 1901. 2S50.

BAKHMUT, bJiK-mont'. The chief town of the district of the same name, in the Government of Yekaterinoslav. South Russia (Map: Russia, E 5 ). It lies in a hollow on the banks of the Bakhmut, a shallow affluent of the North Donetz River. In its immediate vicinity are deposits of salt, in purity and thickness of vein rivaling those of Boehnia and Wieliczka. A number of foreign companies exploit the mineral, from which they also manufacture soda. The region, within a radius of 60 to 80 miles, aboiuids in coal, both of the cheaper and the anthracite varieties. In the city salt is manufactured by the evaporating process from water drawn from wells. The product is accounted among the best in the world and is exported abroad. .Among tlie industrial establishments are glass, fire-proof brick, lime, and cement factories; iron and flour mills and breweries. The town was settled in the Seventeenth Century, and was surrounded by a wooden wall in 1703; eighty years later it was l>romoted to the rank of chief town of the dis- trict. Population, in 1897. 19,400.

BAKHTCHISARAI, biiK'ch^-sa-rl' (Pers., palace of gardens, from bakhlcha, garden, orchard 4- snri'il. palace, inn). The residence of the ancient princes or khans of the Crimea, situa-
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