Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/462

BAINBRIDGE. Among his inventions were electrical clocks, an earth-battery (1843), an apparatus for registering the progress made by ships (1844), the electro-chemical telegraph (1846), and an electrical apparatus for playing musical instruments at a distance.

BAIN'BRIBGE. A town and county-seat of Decatur County, Ga., 235 miles west by south of Savannah, on the Flint River, and on the Plant System and other railroads (Map: Georgia, B 5). It is in a region which produces cotton and tobacco, and has brickyards, cooperage works, turpentine distilleries, iron-works, lumber-mills, etc. The Georgia Southern Military College is situated here. Population, in 1890, 1668; in 1900, 2641.

BAIN'BRIDGE, William (1774-1833). An American naval officer. He was born at Prince- ton, N. J., entered the merchant marine at the age of fifteen, became captain of a merchant- man four years later, and in 1796, while in com- mand of the Hope, was attacked by and defeated an English schooner, whose captain had attempt- ed to impress some of the Hope's crew. On the organization of the navy in 1798, he became a lieutenant, and was placed in command of the schooner Retaliation. Later in the year he was captured off Guadaloupe by the French frig- ates Volontier and Insurgente. Being released after several weeks, he returned to the United States and made a report which caused the passage of the 'Retaliation Act' of 1798 against French subjects captured on the high seas. In March, 1800, he was raised to the rank of cap- tain, and later in the year was sent with tribute to the Dey of Algiers, who compelled him to convey an embassy, under Algerian colors, to Constantinople. He next served as commander of the Philadelphia in the war against Tripoli (1801-05), capturing the Moorish frigate Mesh- boha (August 20. 1803); but running aground, he was himself captured in November, off Trip- oli, where he and over 300 of his men were kept prisoners until the close of the war. Early in 1812 he was put in command, as commodore, of the Constitution, Hornet, and Essex, he him- self being on the first; but soon afterwards the three vessels parted company, and on December 29, the Constitution met and captured the British frigate Java. (See Constitution, The.) In 1815 he was made commander of the squad- ron fitted out against Algiers, but the war was averted. In the same year he established in Boston the first training-school for naval officers, and afterwards for two years (1819-21) cruised in the Mediterranean. He subsequently served at the Philadelphia and Charlestown navy-yards, and from 1832 to 1835 acted as chief of the board of naval commissioners. He was a tall and powerful man, and was noted at once for his strong will and his remarkable tact. Consult Harris, Life of Bainbridge (Philadelphia, 1837).

BAINES, banz. Edward (1774-1848). An English publicist, born at Walton-le-Dale. He was apprenticed to a printer at Preston, and afterwards at Leeds, and in 1801 bought the Leeds Mercury, which subsequently became one of the most important of the provincial news- papers. He was consulted on important ques- tions by many Parliamentary leaders, and was elected, in 1834, to succeed Macaulay as a member for Leeds. Until 1841 he continued

in Parliament as an independent Liberal. He advocated the separation of Church and State and the reform of factory laws, and opposed governmental interference in educational matters. He wrote a History, Directory, and Gazetteer of the County of York (1823). later enlarged as the History of the County Palatine and Duchy of Lancaster; and a History of the Reign of George III. (4 vols., 1823).

BAINES, Sir (1800-90). An English politician. He was elected in 1859 to Parliament, where he became the champion of many reforms. He opposed Church tests in the universities, sought the disestablishment of the Irish Church, and in 1861 and 1864 presented bills for extending the electoral franchise. He wrote a History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (1835), and other works.

BAINI, ba-e'nj, Giuseppe (1775-1844). A celebrated Italian composer, one of the most dis- tinguished and scientific of modern times. He was born and died in Rome. A pupil of the Seminario Romano, and later of Jannaconi. he entered the Papal Choir in 1795, and in 1814 succeeded Jannaconi as chapelmaster. His nu- merous Church compositions are distinguished by religious austerity and severe classical profund- ity. His Miserere for ten voices was the only work of the Nineteenth Century deemed worthy to be performed at the Sistine Chapel, alternate- ly with those of Allegri and Bai, during Holy Week. His best title to fame, however, rests upon his life of Palestrina, Memorie storico- critiche della vita e delle opere di Giocanni Pier- luigi da Palestrina (2 vols., Rome, 1828; Ger- man translation by Kandler, with notes by Kiesewetter, 1834). It is the standard work on Palestrina, though strongly biased with regard to non-Italian composers.

BAIRAKTAR, bi'rak-tiir', or BAIRAKDAR ('standard-bearer'). The title of the energetic Grand Vizier. Mustapha (1755-1808). He was born of poor parents, but early distin- guished himself by his bravery. He fought against the Russians as Pasha of Rustchuk in 1806. When Selim III. was deposed by the Janizaries in 1807, Bairaktar took the part of the dethroned Sultan, and after the murder of Selim in 1808, he deposed his successor. Musta- pha IV., and elevated Mustapha's brother, Mah- moud II., to the throne. Bairaktar was now ap- pointed Grand Vizier. In the exercise of this office, he deposed the Grand Mufti, the leader of the Janizaries. and all the ulemas who had taken any part in the late revolution; while, at the same time, he was careful to secure the tran- quillity of the capital, and strengthened the reg- ular army. His chief object was the annihilation of the Janizaries; but. like the unfortunate Selim, he fell a victim to that fierce band of sol- diery. Favored by the move fanatical among the people, the Janizaries rebelled, and. with the sup- port of the fleet, attacked the Seraglio on Novem- ber 15, 1808, and demanded the restoration of Mustapha. Bairaktar defended himself bravely, but when he saw that the flames threatened to destroy the palace, and that he was in danger of falling alive into the hands of his enemies, he strangled Mustapha, threw his head to the besiegers, and then killed himself.

BAIRAM, bi-riim' or bi'ram. See.