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BAILEY. 1900-02) ; The Survival of the Unlike (New York, 1896) ; Sketch of the Evolution of Our Native Fruits (New York, 1898) ; Lessotis with Plants (1898); (iarden-Makiny (New Y'ork, 1900) ; The Priiwiples of Fruit-llrowing, "Rural Science Series" (New York, 1897) ; The Nursery Book (New Y'ork, 1897); The Philosophy of the Crossing of Plants (Boston, 1891); besides numerous articles in the lieports of the United States Department of Agriculture anil the Re- ports of the Cornell University Agricultural Ex- periment Station.

BAILEY, Losing Woart (1839—). An American chemist and geologist. He was born at West Point, N. Y. He was graduated from Harvard University in 1859, and has been, since 1861, professor of chemistry and natural history at the University of New Brunswick. He is the author of a number of scientific papers, and wrote: Mines and Minerals of New Brunswick (1864); Geology of Southern New Brunswick (1805); and an elementary work on natural history.

BAILEY, Nathan or Nathaniel ( ? -1742). An English lexicographer. He died at Stepney in 1742. He published An Universal Etymologi- cal English Dictionary in 1721, adding a supple- mentary volume in 1727. This work was so popular that by 1802 it had reached its thirtieth edition, and it is known that .Johnson made lib- eral use of it in preparing his own dictionary. Among Bailey's other works is The Antiquities of London and ^^'estminster (1726). In 1883 the English Dialect Society reprinted the Eight- eenth-Century dialect words preserved in Bai- ley's dictionary. This work was one of the sources from which Chatterton drew his pseudo Old English words.

BAILEY, Philip James (1816-1902). English poet, born at Basford, Nottingham. He studied at the University of C41asgow, and was called to the English bar in 1840, but never prac- ticed. His first poem, Festus, which was be- gun before he was 20 years old, was published in 1839. It was received with great enthusiasm, its author being classed by manj- critics of the day with Shakespeare and Milton. This extrava- gant estimate was naturally succeeded by a reac- tion, and for many years Festus was practically forgotten. In 1900, however, a renewed interest was manifested in it, and something like a fair critical estimate of the poem was made. Festus does, in fact, contiiin many passages of great power, and its language is often striking and majestic. On the other hand, it is excessively rhetorical : and this defect gives, upon a second reading, the impression of artifice and insin- ceritv. It was followed by The Angel ^'orId (18.50), The Mystic (1855), and The Universal Hymn (1867), all of which have since lieen made a part of Festus. Bailej- also published The Age, a satire (1858). Consult the eleventh or Jubilee edition of Festus (London, 1889). See English Poetry, Spasmodic School of.

BAILEY, Samuel (1791-1870). An English writer on polities, political economy, philosophy, and criticism. He became a banker, and at his death left £90,000 to his native town, Shef- field. His writings generally are distinguished by independent thinking, logical precision, and warm aspirations for the improvement of man- kind. His treatises on the mind, while abound- ing in original suggestions, expand and enforce the views of the school of Locke in metaphysics and what is termed the doctrine of utility in morals. Among his works the following may be mentioned: A Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measures, and Causes of ^alue (1825) ; The Right of Primogeniture Examined (1837) ; Letters on the Philosophy of the Human Mind (three series, 1855, 1858, 1803) ; and The Re- ceived Text of Shakespeare's Dramatic Writings and Its Improvement (1862-66.)

BAILEY, Solon Irving (1854—). An American astronomer, born at Lisbon, N. H. He graduated in 1881 at Boston University, and was subsequently appointed associate professor of astronomy at Harvard. In 1889 he established at Arequipa, Peru, a southern station of the Harvard Observatorv, and in 1893, on the sum- mit of Mount Jlisti. at an elevation of 19.000 feet, the most loftily situated scientific station in the world. Papers by him are to be found in the Annals of the Harvard Observatory.

BAILEY, Theodohus (1805-77). An Ameri- can naval officer, born in Chateaugay, N. Y'. He entered the navy in 1818, became lieutenant in 1827, was commissioned connnander in 1849 and captain in 1855; and in 1861 was assigned to the command of the Colorado in the blockade of Pensaeola. In 1862 he was second in command of the fleet sent under Farragiit against New Or- leans. He led the attack upon the forts, and was dispatched by Farragut to demand the surrender of the city. He was promoted in the same 3'ear to be commodore, and was appointed commander of the Eastern Gulf blockading squadron, in which post it is said that in eighteen months he captured more than 150 blockade runners. Sub- sequent to the war he was commandant at the Portsmouth (N. H.) Navy Yard, and in 1866 was retired with rank of rear-admiral.

BAIL'IE (Scotch for bailiff). A superior officer or magistrate of a municipal corporation in Scotland, with judicial authority within the city or burgh. In royal burghs, the office is in some respects analogous to that of alderman in England. The chief magistrate of a Scotch cor- poration, called the provost (q.v. ), and often one or more of the bailies, are, by virtue of their office, in the commission of the peace. There are also bailies of regality and barony, who are ap- pointed by the superior or overlord of the manor (q.v.), with limited powers. There is a bailie for the sanctuary or abbey of Holyrood, appointed by the Duke of Hamilton as hereditary keeper, and having jurisdiction within the precincts. See Bailiff.

BAIL'IFF (OF. bailiff, Fr. bailli, administrator. Low Lat. bailivus, from baiulus, carrier, one who carries burdens, takes charge of). An officer exercising superintendence on behalf of some superior authority. Through all the changes of application the word has undergone in the course of history, it has denoted an overseer of some kind. At the Greek lmi)erial court ill Constantinople, the chief tutor of the Imperial children was called baiulus. The same title seems also to have been given in Constantinople to the superintendent of the foreign merchants, who was appointed by the Venetians, and it may possibly be for this reason that the title 60/10 came at length to be applied also to the Venetian ambassadors themselves. In France, the royal