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BAILEY. there were the outer, tlie uiiddle, and the inner baileys. The entrance to the outer bailey was by a drawbridge over the moat and through a strong gate, and precautions wei'e also taken to defend the inner baileys. Each bailey had its special function. (See Castle; Gothic Archi- tecture: Romanesque Art.) In towns the bailey meant the entire space inclosed within the walls, or valliDii, and was used in connection with civil and criminal jurisdiction; hence the Old Bailey in London and the Bailej' in O.xford. In France the governor of a town was long called a bailli, and his subordinates were bailiffs.

BAILEY, Florence JIerbiam (18G3— ). An American writer on ornithology. She was born at Locust Grove, N. Y., studied at Smith Col- lege, Xorthampton, Mass., and has written of bird-life in the intimate fashion made so popu- lar by the essays of .John Burroughs. Her Birds Throuyh an Opera Glass (Boston, 1889) was among the first books to direct attention to that method of observation. She has also published A-Birding on a Bronco (ib. 1896), and Birds of Villaffe and Field (ib. 1898).

BAILEY, Gamaliel, (1807-59). An Ameri- can journalist, prominent in the anti-slavery con- flict. He was born at Jlount Holly, N. J., the son of a Jlethodist preacher; graduated at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1827; and for several months, after 1829, was the edi- tor, at Baltimore, of J7ie Methodist Protestant, the short-lived official organ of a radical offshoot of the Jlethodist Episcopal Church. He went to Cincinnati in 1831. and was physician to the cholera hospital during the great cholera epi- demic of that year. Converted to Abolitionism through the famous Lane Seminary debates of 1834, he thereafter took an active part in the anti- slavery conflict, and in lS36assistedJamesG.Bir- ney (q.v.) in establishing a weekly anti-slavery paper, The Cincinnati Philanthropist, of which he became proprietor and editor-in-chief in Sep- tember, 1837. His press was repeatedly destroyed by mobs and his life was often threatened, but he nevertheless continued in his work until 1847, and after 1843 was editor also of a daily paper. The Herald, likewise established by himself. In 1847 he removed to Washington and became the editor of a newly established anti-slavery paper, The National Era, which, under his management, attained a wide circulation, exerted a powerful influence, and came to be regarded in many quar- ters as the central organ of Abolitionism. To this paper Jlrs. Stowe, W'hittier, Amos A. Phelps, and Mrs. Southworth were regular contributors, and it was in it that, in 1852, Mrs. vStowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin first appeared. In 1848 the Era office was besieged for three days by a pro-slavery mob, which finally dispersed under the influence of an eloquent address by Dr. Bailey. Consult an article. "A Pioneer Editor," in The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XVII. (Boston, 1866).

BAILEY, (1811-57). An American naturalist, known as the pioneer in microscopic research in America. He was born at Auburn, Mass., and in 1832 graduated at West Point, where, after 1834, he was succes- sively assistant professor, acting professor, and professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. He devised various improvements in the con- struction of the microscope, and made an ex- tensive collection of microscopic objects and of alga-, which he left to the Boston Society of Natural History. In 1856 he was chosen presi- dent of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. He wrote many articles on scientific subjects for the American Journal of Science and for scientific societies, a re- port on the infusorial fossils of California, and a valuable volume of Microscopical Sketches, containing more than 3000 original figures. A sketch of his life is given in the American Jour- nal of Science and Arts, Vol. XXV. (New Haven, 1847).

BAILEY, James Montgomery (1841-94). An American journalist, who became widel}' known as the 'Danhury yews Man." He was born at Albany, N. Y., and, after receiving a common- school education, learned the trade of a carpen- ter. He removed to Danbury, Conn., in 1860, and worked at his trade for the two following j'ears, but found time to write occasio"hally for the newspapers. During the Civil V'ar he served in the Seventeentli Connecticut Volunteers. In 1870 he established the Danhury Neics, for which he wrote the humorous sketches, sometimes original, often simply descriptive of common- place happenings, which won for him a national reputation, and made his paper known through- out the country. His first book. Life in Dan- hury, was published in 1873: it consisted of se- lections from his newspaper articles. His other publications were The Danhury "Scivs Man's Al- manac (1873), They All Do It (1877), England from a Back Window (1878),.l/r. Phillips's Gone- ness (1879), The Danhury Boom; icith a Full Account of Mrs. Cobleigh's Action Therein (1880).

BAILEY, Joseph (1827-67). An American soldier, born in Salem, Ohio. He entered the Federal Army as captain in 1861, in 1862 was appointed acting engineer of the New Orleans defenses, and in 1863 was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel. When, in 1864, the Red River was found too shallow fcr the passage of Admiral Porter's gunboats, Bailey, in face of opposition from the engineers, superintended the construction of dams which deepened the water in mid-channel, and thus permitted the vessels to descend. He was promoted to be brigadier- general in 1864, resigned from the army in 1865, and. having removed to Missouri, was killed there while executing his duties as sheriff.

BAILEY, Liberty Hyde (1858—). An American horticulturist and botanist. He was born at South Haven, ilich.. graduated at Michigan Agricultural College in 1S82, and became professor of horticulture in tluit institution, 1885. In 1888 he was appointed to the chair of general and experimental horticulture at Cornell University. He has made numerous important contributions to the science and practice of horticulture, and has written extensively on horticultural and botanical subjects. His most important botanical work has been on the genera C'arex, Rubus, Prunus, and Vitis. He has done very important educational %ork as an organizer of the nature-study and extension work at Cornell University. He edited The American Garden (1890-93) ; Tlie "I^ural Science and Gardencraft Series" (New York. 1895-1901): and Country Life in America (Ncav York. 1902 — ). Among the works of which he is author are: The Cycloprrdia of American Horticulture (New York,