Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/453

BAHNASA. The Oxyrhyneus Papyri (2 parts, London, 1898-99). The name of Bahnasa is sometimes applied to the oasis of Bahriyer, near the town.

BAHR, bar (Ar., a body of water). An Arabic word applied to both lakes and rivers. Bahr-el-Abiad, abe-yad' (the White River), and Bahr-el-Azrak, el-iiz'rek (the Blue River), are the chief branches of the Nile (q.v.). Bahr- el-Yemen, el yu'nifn, is the Red Sea, and Bahr Lut, Iriiit, the Dead Sea.

BAHR, ber, (1666-1738). A German architect. He was born at Fiirstenwalde, Prussia. As master builder for the municipality of Dresden he constructed the celebrated Frauenkirche, or Church of Our Lady (1726-40), in that city, which is considered one of the most perfect examples of the baroque style in Germany. He was famous as a builder of Protestant Churches, and also erected a number of hotels in Dresden, such as the Hôtel de Saxe (1713-17) and the British Hotel (1720).

BAHR, bar, Hermann (1863 — ). A promi- nent Austrian author and journalist, born at Linz. He studied in the universities of Vienna, Czernowitz, Gratz, and Berlin, traveled exten- sively, and finally made his home in Vienna. In 1890 he became associate editor of the Freie Bühne (Free Stage), and in 1892 and 1803 was associate editor and critic of the Deutsche Zeit- ung. In 1894 he began to publish Die Zeit. Bahr is known as an acute critic of the theories of life exploited in modern German and French litera- ture. He combats the so-called naturalistic school, and tries to introduce into German and Austrian literature some of the features of the French symbolists and 'decadents.' This effort is especially pronounced in his Zur Kritik der Moderne (1890), Die Ueberwindung des Natural- ismus (1891), and Neue Studien (1891). He is considered the leader of the 'modern school' at Vienna, and of the so-called 'Young Austria' movement. His novels include Die gute Schule (1890), Dora (1893), Neben der Liebe (1893). Among his plays may be mentioned Die neuen Menschen (1887). Die Mutter (1891), Die häus- liche Frau (1893), and Die Nixe, adapted from the Russian. He also published the politico- controversial work. Die Einsichtslosigkeit des Herrn Schäffle (1886).

BAHR. ber, (1798- 1872). A German classical scholar, born at Darmstadt. He studied at Heidelberg, where he gained the favor and friendship of Creuzer, whose symbolic system of interpretation in mythological matters he himself pursued at a later period. He was elected a professor in 1821. Previous to this he had occupied himself chiefly with the elucidation and criticism of Plutarch, the result of which was an annotated edition of Alcibiades (Heidelberg, 1822), and of Philoprr- men, Flaminius, Pyrrhus (Leipzig, 1826). At the same time he collected and published the fragments of Ctesias. But a greater interest was excited by his Gesehichte der römischen litteratur (1828), which is noted for its clear- ress and comprehensiveness. Three supplements to this work also appeared: Die christlichen Dich- ter und Geschichtschreiber Roms (1836), Die christliche-römische Theologie (1837), and the Gesehichte der römischen Litteratur im karol- ingischen Zeitalter (1840). One of his most important works is his version of Herodotus

(1832-35). In 1835 he published his De Universitate Constantinopoli Quinto Sæculo Conditâ. He likewise contributed numerous articles to Jahn's Jahrbücher für Philologie, and kindred publications.

BAHR, (1817-95). A German jurist, born at Fulda. He studied law and political science at Marburg, Göttingen, and Heidelberg, and in 1840 became justice of the Supreme Court of Cassel. For his defense of the constitution during the struggle of 1850 he was made justice of the Supreme Court at Fulda in 1851, but in 1856 he was recalled to Cassel, and in 1863 was made a member of the Court of Appeals. In 1867 he became a member of the new Court of Appeals established at Berlin for Alsace-Lorraine, and was elected to the Reichstag from the city of Cassel, and to the Prussian House of Deputies. He became a justice in the Imperial Court at Leipzig in 1879, but retired in 1881 on account of ill-health. He wrote a highly important monograph. Die Anerkennung als Verpflichtungsgrund (1855 and 1894); an equally important treatise on Der Rechtsstaat (1864), and other works on German civil procedure.

BAHRAICH, ba-rich'. The name of a district in the division of Faizabad, Province of Oudh, British India, and of a town, capital of the district, situated at the foot of the Himalayas, 65 miles northeast of Lucknow. Area of district, 2680 square miles; population, in 1891, 1,000,400; in 1901, 1,051,850. The town, on the junction line from Gonda to Basti, has a considerable trade, and manufactures fireworks and native cloth. It draws many thousands of pilgrims every year to the shrine of Masaud, a Mohammedan saint, which is situated here. Population, about 24,000.

BAHRAL, ba'ral. See.

BAHRDT, bart, (1741-92). A German theologian of the extreme skeptical school. He was born August 25, 1741, at Bischofswerda, in Saxony, and studied at Leipzig, where he soon displayed extraordinary talents, together with some defects of character. His early theological writings betrayed the skeptical tendencies which were afterwards more fully developed. On account of his immoral conduct he was, in 1768, compelled to leave Leipzig, where he had been a popular preacher and professor. In Erfurt, his next residence, he was appointed professor of philosophy and Hebrew antiquities; but gave offense by his rationalistic teaching, as well as by his mode of life. He wrote Briefe über die systematische Theologie (1770-71, 2 parts), and Wünsche eines stummen Patrioten (1770), two works whose heterodoxy involved him in controversies and made his position untenable. In 1771 he went to Giessen, where he delivered theological lectures, and preached with approbation. His translation of the New Testament (1773) was regarded as so dangerous that the author was deprived of the privilege of teaching (1775). His creed, in fact, was simple deism, and one of the chief points in his theology was his rejections of miracles. Even the immortality of the soul was not positively maintained in his work. From 1775 to 1779 he was most of the time in great straits, and compelled to earn his support as best he might; but in 1779 he became professor of philosophy at Halle and won enormous popularity. But he over-