Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/438

BACUP. ments have been made in its condition and ap- pearance. Bacup owns its water-works and maintains public markets, parks, baths, and cemeteries. It also has a sewage farm for the utilization of the town refuse. It has a me- chanics' institute, library-, and a fine market- house, opened in 1867. Bacup has extensive cot- ton and woolen factories, dye-works, brass and iron foundries; and there are numerous coal- mines in the neighborhood. Cooperative stores on a large scale are carried on. Population, in 1801, 23,498; in 1901, 22,505.

BADAGAS, ba-da'gaz. One of the Dravidian tribes of the Nilgiri Hills in Southern India, somewhat shorter, darker-skinned, and longer- headed than the Todas, and probably less mixed with Aryan blood. They are not a disappearing people, but, aided by the policy of the Indian Government, hold their own, though burdened by the easte-svstem. Their name is said to sig- nify 'northerners,' which indicates comparatively recent migration. They are monogamous, and liave some curious marriage customs. ( See Dravi- ijiANS.) Of recent literature since Shortt's "Tribes of the N^eilgherries," in the Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London for 1869, may be mentioned: Breeks, An Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilagiris (London, 1873) : Reclus, Primitive Folk (Eng. trans., New York, 1891) ; and Oppert, On the Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa, India (Eng. trans., London, 1894).

BADAGRY, bii'da-gre'. A seaport of South- ern Nigeria, British West Africa, situated west of Lagos, with which it is connected by lagoons. It was formerly the capital of a negro kingdom, and during the Portuguese occupation was an important slave-trading centre, with a popula- tion of 10,000. Since then it has diminished in importance and in population.

BADAJOZ, bii'da-hos', S/J. pron. b-i'na-Hoth' (ancientlv, Lat. Pax Augusta, 'Peace of Augustus' or BatalUum, which the Moors turned into Bax Attgos, Bathaljus^ Badaljoz, whence Badajoz). An important town, seat of a bishopric, and capital of the Spanish province of the same name (Map: Spain, B 3). It is situated about 5 miles from the borders of Portugal, in a fertile district, on the left bank of the Guadiana, which is here crossed by a granite bridge of 32 arches. It is strongly fortified: and has a militarv hospital, an arsenal, and the old Cathedral" of San Juan, built about the middle of the Thirteenth Century, with a splendid organ, and paintings by Mateo, Cerezo, and Morales. The last named" was born at Badajoz. Considerable trade is carried on with Portugal, and there are manufactures of soap, coarse woolens, leather, hats, and delft-ware. Population, in 1887, 27,300: in 1897, 28,900. As one of the keys of Portugal, Badajoz has often been a place of impc)rtanxe in war. It was besieged in vain by the Portuguese in 16G0, and again by the Allies in the War of the Spanish Succession, in 1705. During the French War. Badajoz was besieged by the French in 1808 and in 1809, and again in 1811, when it surrendered, March 11, to Soult. It was thrice besieged by the English under Well- ington, and finally taken by storm, April 6, 1812.

BADAKHSHAN, hii'daKshan' (Pers., Hind. bad, region, district -f Oxus, river). A district of northeastern Afghanistan, lying directly north of C'abul, on the edge of the Pamir Plateau. The Amu Darya or Oxus River flows along its north- western border. The capital is Faizabad. It is a region of great fertility. The inhabitants are in great part Tajiks, a Persian-speaking Aryan race. They are Mohammedans — Shiites in the mountains and Sunnites in the plains. The population is estimated at 100,000. One of their chief occupations is man-stealing — their captives being chiefly Kafirs and Chitrali from the Indian side of the Hindu-Kush. The people of Badakhshan seem to have been always under the immediate rule of their own chiefs, at the head of whom was the Ameer. They have gen- erally, however, formed part of some great empire. In the Eighteenth Century Badakhshan constituted a part of the empire of Nadir Shah, after whose death it became suljject to the Afghans. After many revolts and changes it was confirmed to Afghanistan by the Anglo-Russian agreement of 1873. Consult: Yule, Marco Polo (London, 1871); Vambery, Central Asia (Lon- don, 1874).

BADALONA, ba'da-lo'na (Baetulo, Betiilo of the Romans). A seaport town of Spain, in the Province of Barcelona, 5 miles by rail north- east of the city of Barcelona (Map: Spain, G 2). It is situated in a fertile region ; has orange- growing, wine-making interests, mechanical in- dustries represented in shipyards, glass-works, sugar and petroleum refineries, chemical-works, etc. A considerable coastwise trade is carried on. Population in 1887, 15,974; in 1897, 18,075.

BADDECK' (from the Fr. Bedeque for Ind. Ebcdck). A seaport, fishing village, and favorite summer resort on Cape Breton Island, Lake Bras d'Or, and the capital of Victoria County, Nova Scotia, Canada (Map: Nova Scotia, .13). It is celebrated by Charles Dudley Warner in Baddeck. and That .S'orf of Thing (Boston, 1874). Population, in 1901, 1235.

BADEAU, ba-do', Adam (1831-95). An American soldier and author. He was born in New York City, was educated in Tarrytown, N. Y., and in 1862 entered the Federal Army as an aide to Gen. T. W. Sherman. In ilay, 1863, he was severely wounded while leading an assault on Port Hudson (q.v.), and in ilarch, 1864, be- came military secretary to General Grant, on whose stafi' he served until 1869, when he retired from the service with the regular rank of colonel and the brevet rank of brigadier-general. He was afterwards secretary of legation in London (18C9), consul-general there from 1870 to 1881, and consul-general at Havana from 1882 to 1884. In 1877 and 1878, he accompanied General Grant on a portion of his tour around the world. He published a collection of essays en- titled The Vagabond ( 1859) : .4. Military History of Ulysses .<). Grant, 3 vols. (1867-81) : Conspir- acy: A Cuban Romance (1885) ; Aristocracy in England (1886) ; and Grant in Peace (1886).

BADEBEC, bad'bek'. In Rabclais's Panta- grucl, the wife of Gargantua and mother of Pantiigruel. She died at his birth, after bring- ing forth at the same time 900 dromedaries, 7 camels, and a number of wagons, all laden with provisions.

BADEN, ba'den. A grand duchy of the German Empire, the fourth State in size and the fifth in population, situated at the southwestern