Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/423

BACHE. that city. At the same time he was actively engaged in scientific work, particularly in the examination of meteorological and magnetic phenomena. In 1842 he returned to his professorship in the university, and in 1843 was appointed superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, succeeding F. R. Hassler, the first incumbent of that position. He reorganized and extended the work of the survey and laid the foundations which have brought the service to its present recognized efficiency.

Professor Bache was also a member of the lighthouse board, superintendent of weights and nuMsures. an incorporator and regent of the Smithsonian Institution, vice-president of the United States Sanitary Commission, president of the American Philosophical Society, president of the American A.ssociation for the Advancement of Science, a founder and member of the National Academy of Sciences, and associate of many important scientific institutions at home and abroad. He was the recipient of many honors, including the degree of LL.D. from several colleges, and medals from foreign governments and learned bodies. He gave $?42,000 to the National Academy of Sciences for the promotion of its work in furthering scientific research. His important works are: Observations at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory of Girard College, reports on weights and measures, and various essays in the scientific journals and the proceedings of learned societies. Consult: Henry, "Memoir of Alexander Dallas Bache," Vol. I., Biographical Memoirs National Academy of Sciences. reprinted in Smithsonian Report for 1870.

BACHE, (1801-81). An American surgeon, great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin. He established at Xew York a laboratory which supplied the medical depart- ment of the Navy, and rendered important ser- vice to the Union armies during the Civil War, by nmning the laboratory at his own expense.

BACHE, (1702-1804). An American physician and chemist, bom at Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated, in 1810, at the University of Pennsylvania; in 1814, at the medical department of the same university. In the latter year he was appointed a surgeon in the United States Army. From 1814 until his death, he was professor of chemistry at the Jefferson Medical College, and in 1854-55 was president of the American Philosophical Society. He published a System of Chemistry (1810); Introductory Lectures on Chemistry (1841-52), and other works: and, with G. Wood, prepared a Pharmacopœia (1830), which was the basis of the present-day United States Pharmacopcria and United States Dispensatory.

BACHE, (1707-1872). An American engineer, bom in Philadelphia. He graduated at the United States Military Academy, and was appointed colonel of engineers in 1863. In 1805 he was brevetted brigadier-general. He was long employed in topographical surveying, and among his engineering works numbered the Delaware Breakwater and the Brandywine Lighthouse. He retired from active service in 1807.

BACHE, (1744-1808). The only daughter of Benjamin Franklin. During the Revolution she was active in collecting clothing and money for the Patriot .Army, and at one time employed more than 2000 women and girls in making garments for soldiers. She also served in the hospitals, and was widely known for patriotism and benevolence. She married Richard Bache, Franklin’s successor as postmaster-general.

BACHE, Walter (1842-88). An English pianist of considerable note. He was born in Birmingham, studied under Moscheles, Richter, and others at Leipzig. and for three years under Liszt, at Rome. He was appointed piano instructor at the Royal Academy of Music, where he founded a Liszt scholarship. In his numerous concerts he was chiefly an interpreter of the music of Liszt.

BACHELET, bashHi'. (1820-79). A French historian, born at Pissy-Poville, Seine- Inférieure. He was educated at the Kcole Xormale. and was professor of bistory at various institutions, including the Lyceum of Rouen, of which city he was appointed librarian. His publications are numerous, among the most important being La guerre de cent ans (1832); Cours d'hisioire (3 vols.. 1808-75): and, with C. Dezobry, the Dictionaire genéral de biographic et d'histoire (10th ed., 1880); and the ''Dictionnaire general des lettres, des beaux-arts, des sciences morales et politiques''. (4th ed., 1875).

BACHELIER, basli'lyfi', Nicolas. A French sculptor and architect of the Sixteenth Century. He was born at Toulouse and studied under Michelangelo at Rome. He built a church and a palace at Assier, the main entrance of the Church of Saint Sernin at Toulouse, and other important works. He was among the first to introduce the Renaissance style into France.

BACH'ELLER, Irving (1859—). An American author, born at Pierpont, Saint Lawrence County, N. Y. He graduated in 1882 at Saint Lawrence University (Canton, N. Y. ): in 1882-83 was connected with the Daily Hotel Reporter, of New York Cit.v. and in 1884 was a member of the staff of the Brooklyn Times. From 1884 to 1808 he was director of" the Bacheller Syndicate for supplying literary material to periodicals, and, during a portion of that time, was also editor of The Pocket Magazine. Subsequentlv he was. for a time, on the staff of the New York World. Prior to 1000 he had contributed to magazines and the newspaper press poems and sketches, and had published two books. The Master of Silence (1890) and The Still House of O'Dorrow (1894). In 1900, his Elten Holden achieved a great popular success, repeated in 1001 with D'ri and I (originally a serial in the Century Magazine). Each of these, the former primarily a character study, the latter a martial romance, finds its setting in northern New York.

BACHELOR, bfieh'^-ler (OF. bacheler. Ft. bachetier. It. baccctliere, baccelliero, Portug. baceilor. all from Med. Lat. baccalaris. baccalarius, a holder of a small farm or estate called in Low Lat. baccalaria. The latter was probably derived from Low Lat. bacea for Lat. vacca, cow, and thus meant 'grazing land' ). The meanings which the word has borne at different times are five. The term was applied to (1) tenants of certain portions of Church lands, called baccalaria, a fee of an inferior kind: (2) I monks who had not yet taken the full vows of mnnasticism: (3) persons