Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/397

AZUNI. authority. He was judge of the tribunal of com- merce at Nice when that city was occupied by the French in 1792, and then retired to Florence, where in 1795 he published his Sistema univer- sale del principi del diritto marittimo dell' Europa, which appeared afterwards in French as Droit maritime de l'Europe. He was summoned to Paris to act as one of the commissioners for compiling the new commercial code, and in 1807 was appointed president of the court of appeal at Genoa. After the downfall of Napoleon he was made judge of the tribunal at Cagliari. Among his works the following, in addition to the above, are the most noteworthy: Dizionario universale ragionato della giurisprudenza mer- cantile (1786-88); Histoire géographique, poli- tique et naturelle de la Sardaigne (1802).

AZ'URE (OF. azur, Med. Lat. lazurius, also azura with the loss of l due to confusion with the article; from Pers. lazhward, azure, lājaward, lapis lazuli). The name for blue in heraldry (q.v.).

AZ'URINE (from the azure color). A va- riety of one of the European chubs or roach, the rudd, distinguished from the type by the slate- blue color of the back, the silvery white of the abdomen, the whiteness of the fins, and the fact that the iris of the eye is tinged with pale straw color, instead of the red of the rudd or 'red-eye.' Hence it is frequently called 'blue roach,' and is known in science as Leuciseus erythropthalmus, variety cœruleus. It is an in- habitant of the Swiss lakes and of the streams of the Continent of Europe generally; and is said to have been introduced into Great Britain by Yarrell. It does not exceed a pound in weight, but is hardy, furnishes good sport for the angler, and breeds readily; nevertheless it has not spread far from Knowsley, the seat of the Earl of Derby, in whose park it was first acclimated. Its flesh is firm and of good flavor. See.

AZ'URITE (from its azure color). A blue basic cupric carbonate, containing about 55 per cent. of copper, and crystallizing in the monoclinic system. It differs in composition from malachite only by containing more carbonic acid and less water. With the blow-pipe, azurite gives a metallic bead, while it is soluble in acids and ammonia, and in such solutions can readily be tested for copper. It is usually found with malachite and other ores of copper, and the specimens from Chessy, near Lyons, France, are noted for their fine crystallization, and are called chessylite. The azurite from Siberia is frequently cut in Russia into thin slabs, and used as veneering for table-tops, and the like. Crystals of azurite, found in Arizona, are highly regarded as gems, although they are too small to be extensively used. The amorphous variety of azurite is a valuable ore of copper; it occurs in great quantities in some of the Arizona mines, where it is actively wrought. In the Clifton district it is found in limestone and is accompanied by other ores of copper, including malachite, cuprite, melaconite, and native copper, and by limonite. The Copper Queen Mine in the Bisbee district has produced solid masses of azurite and malachite weighing several tons. The mineral in all cases is probably to be regarded as of secondary origin; i.e. it has been derived from other copper minerals by the natural processes of oxidation and hydration. The original sources of material are copper sulphides, which are still found in the deeper portions of the mines where the weathering agencies have not penetrated. Azurite has also been used as a pigment.

AZ'YGOS (Gk. uCi')"f, azygos, unwedded, not paired, from o, a priv. + C'')w, zygon, yoke). A term used in medicine to denote a part or a structure which has no fellow of the opposite side of the body, as the sphenoid bone, certain single veins, the thyroid gland, etc. The word is chiefly used of the muscle of the uvula, which was named the azygos uvulæ under the mistaken idea that it was a single muscle with two origins, namely at the posterior nasal spines of the palate bone, and running thence to the tip of the uvula. It has been discovered that there are two muscles in a pair. Their duty is to raise the uvula. This pair is sometimes called the azygos Morgagni.

AZ'YMITES ( a, a priv. + fii/iTj, zyme, leaven). The opprobrious name given by the Eastern to the Western Church, arising from a difference about the use, in the Lord's Supper, of leavened or unleavened bread. Michael Cæru- larius, Patriarch of Constantinople (1043-1059), made this one of his counts against the West- ern Church, and ever since it has been so con- sidered. The Western, or Latin branch, insisted that unleavened bread might be used, and the Greek Church stigmatized the Latins as 'Azy- mites,' because they did not use leaven. The Latins retorted with 'Pro-zymites,' also 'Fer- mentarians;' but the terms, intended for re- proach, soon passed, with the whole discussion, into history as useless additions to polemical nomenclature.

In the 'Longer Catechism of the Eastern Church,' prepared by Philaret, approved by the Holy Synod in 1839, and the most authoritative doctrinal standard of the Orthodox Græco-Russian Church, question 328 is: "Of what kind should be the bread for the Sacrament?" and the answer is: "Such as the name itself of the bread, the holiness of the Mystery, and the example of Jesus Christ and the Apostles all require; that is, leavened, pure, wheaten bread" (cf. Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, ii. 496).

The exact time when the Latin Church first employed unleavened bread in the Eucharist to the exclusion of the leavened, is undetermined, and, perhaps, undeterminable; but surely this use can be traced to the Ninth Century. The canons of earlier councils, e.g. of the Council of Toledo (693) and of Chelsea (787), upon the bread merely prescribe that it should be a specially prepared loaf, but not that it should be leavened or unleavened. Cf. art. "Elements," in Smith and Cheetham, ''Dict. Christ. Antiq.''