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AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. tria. Italy had lieuii Uil- ally uf I'nissia, and al- though the Italian Army anil navy were defeated at Custozza and at Lissa, i'russia was able to exact the surrender of Veneti.a by Austria, which thus ceased to be either a (ierman or an Italian power. See Germany and Skven eeks' War.

The catastrophe of Sadowa made it evident to the Austrian Goveninienl that a radical change in the internal constitiilion of the Kmpire was necessary. Above all, the demands of Hungary, as fornuilated by her great spokesman, Francis Deflk. had to be met. Under the guidance of Chancellor von Beust, Francis Joseph eil'ccted a reconciliation with the Magyars on the basis of the restoration to them of their constitutional liberties. This settlement, known as tlu^ Aus- fjlrich of"1867, established the Austro-IIungarian monarchy on the present dualistic basis. With tlio adoption of the Ausijlnich, purliamentarygov- ernmcnt in Vienna was firmly established. The dual constitution of the monarchy, however, was far from acceptable to the Slavs. The Czechs in particular clamored for autonomy and the restora- tion of the realm of Saint Wenceslas. The Poles were also loud in their demands. From time to time concessions were made to these conflicting elements, now the Liberal Germans and again the Slavs being foremost in the councils of the Em- peror. This conliict of nationalities has found expression in the disgraceful scenes enacted iii the Austrian Reichsrat. In the meantime, Hun- gary has proceeded in the path of political and economic development, undisturbed by the per- plexities of her Cisleithan neigldHir. Under the guidance of her able foreign minister. Count Andrilssy, Austria-Hungary took an impoitant part in the settlement of the situation growing out of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. The Congress of Berlin allowed her to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was effected only after a bloody struggle (1878).

BiBUOGRAPHY. Clarke, "Agricultural Admin- istration in Austria-Hungary," in the Jounuil of the Royal Agricultural Hocicttj (Ijondon, Janu- ary, 1891); Wurzbach, Biographiachcs Lexikon dcs Kaiserthums Osterreichs (Vienna, 1857- 92) ; Schwiedland, Klein gcicerbe und Uaus- industrie Osterreichs (Leipzig, 1894) ; Eder, Die Eiscnbahnpolitik Osterreichs (Vienna, 1894) ; Chelard, L'Autriche contemporaine (Paris, 1894) ; Das Gemeindeqesetz vom 5 Mdrz, 18(12 (Vienna, 189,5) ; Wirth,' "The History of Banking in Ger- man}' and Austria-Hungary," in A Uistory of Banking in All the Leading Nations, Vol.' IV. (New York, 1896) ; Umlauft, Die iisterreichisch- ungarische Monarchic (Vienna, 4th ed., 1897); Auerbach, Les races et les nationalitcs en Au- triche-B ongrie (Paris, 1898); Laurencic (editor), Unsere Moiiarchie, etc. (Berlin, 1899) ; Whitman and Mcllrath, _4tt.siri:a. (New York, 1899) ; Matle- kovits. Das Konigreich Ungarii (Leipzig, 1900) ; Osterrcichisch- ungarische Monarchic in Wort und liild (Vienna, in Parts 1 to 3(!0, 1880-1900), a series of volumes on the various crown-lands of the monarchy, containing a popular dcseription of their natural resources, areha>ologv, ethnology, literature, folk-lore, industries, etc. ; "BeitrSge zur neuesten Handelspolitik Osterreichs" in fichriftcn dcs Vereins fiir Sozialpolitik, Vol. XCIII. (Leipzig, 1901), a symposium of articles by leading German authorities on the various as- pects of the commercial and industrial interests of that country. For the history of the Austrian Empire, consult :Iailath, Geschichte dea osferrcichisclun Kaiscrslaatcs. .5 vols. (Hamburg, 1834-50) ; Leger, History of Aust)-oUungary, translated by Mrs. Birkbeck Hill (New York, 1889) ; Coxe, History of the House of Austria, 121S-n02, 3 vols. (London, 1847) ; Anieth, Geschichte Maria Thercsias, 10 vols. (Vienna, 1863-79); Beust, Memoirs 1S30-S5 (London, 1887) ; Broglie, Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa (Eng. trans., London, 1883) ; Gindely, History of the Thirty Years' War, translation by Ten Brook (London, 1886) ; Metternich, Memoirs, translation by Mrs. Napier (Lon- don, 1880) ; Eanke, History of the Reforma- tion in Germany, translation by Austin (Lon- don, 1845-47); Whitman, The Realm, of the Bapsburgs (London, 1893) ; Lowell, Govern- ments and Parlies in Continental Europe (Bos- ton, 1896) ; for present political conditions: Seignobos, Political History of Europe since ISVi, translation by MaeVane (New York. 1899), which contains excellent bibliographies for the Nineteenth Century; Lavisse and Rambaud, Bis- ioire generate, 12 vols., with full and scholarly bibliogiaphies for each period (Paris, 1893- 1901).

AUS'TRIAN HYE'NA, The. A term of re- proach applied to Julius Jakob von Haynau on account of his inhumanity in Hungary and Italy during the revolutionary struggles of 1848-49. Subsequently, Avliile lie was on a visit to Lon- don, popular feeling against him rose so high that his life was in danger. See Haynau, Julius Jakob.

AUSTRIAN LIP. The thick lower lip which was characteristic of the Hapsburgs, and sur- vives to some extent to this day among some princes of that dynasty. It was believed to be derived from Cymbarga, a niece of a king of Poland, who was noted for beauty and unusual strength. According to others, the prominent nether lip was a result of the intermarriage of the earliest Hapsburg knights with the peas- ant women of the highlands.

AUSTRIAN POLIT'ICAL PAR'TIES. See Political Parties, paragraph A ustria-Bungary.

AUSTRIAN SWITZ'ERLAND. A descriptive term often applied to the Salzkammergut. in Austria, so called from its beautiful and impressive scenery. See Salzkammergut.

AUSTRIAN WO'MAN, The. A contemptu- ous name for the French Queen, Marie Antoi- nette, at the time of the Revolution.

AUS'TRO-PRUS'SIAN WAR. See Seven Weeks' War.

AUTEROCHE, d'trosh', Jean C. See Chappe D'AfTEHOCIIE.

AUTEUIL, 6'te'y'. Formerly a country vil- lage at the entrance of the Bois-de-Boulogne, now a vvestern quarter of Paris. It is known as the residence of famous literary men, such as Boileau and ^MoliJre, and has one of the principal race-courses in France.

AUTHENTIC DOCTOR (Gk. aieevTiKSs, authcntikos, warranted). A name applied to Gregory of Rimini, an Italian ecclesiastic and author of several theological works, who died in A.D. 1357.

AU'THOR, The. One of Foote's comedies (produced in 1757), in which he himself took