Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/294

AUMALE ticipated in the battles of Dreux, Saint Denis, and jMontcontour, during the Civil War. He was killed at the siege of La Roc-helle in 1573.

AUMALE, Henri Eugene - Philippe, Louis d'OrlOaus, Duo d' (1822-97). The fourth son of Louis Philippe, King of the French. He was born at Paris and was educated at the College Henri IV., where he showed a good deal of talent. When 16 years of age he entered the army, soon distinguished himself by his bravery, and passed rapidly through the various grades of rank. In 1843 he commanded a subdivision of the French Armj' in Algeria, and performed some brilliant exploits in his campaign against the famous Abd-el-Kader. In 1844 he directed the exjiedition against Biskra, and in 1847 suc- ceeded ilarshal Bugeaud as Governor-General of Algeria, in which capacity he received the sur- render of Abd-el-Kader. After the Revolution of 1848 he resigned and withdrew to England, where he devoted himself to literature. On the outbreak of the Franco-German War, he was re- fused permission to serve in the French Army, but in February, 1871, was chosen a member of the Assembly by tlie electors of the Department of Oise, and in December took his seat, the mem- bers of his family having been allowed to return to France. In 1873 he was made general of division, and presided over the council of war that tried Marshal Bazaine. He subsequently hold other military commands; but in 1886, on the passage of the E.xpulsion Bill, he was de- barred from the .army, and withdrew to Eng- land. Kot long after this, it was learned that he had given the Chateau of Chautilly, with its magnificent collections, to the Institute of France, of which he had been a member in 1871, the Institute to hold the bequest in trust for the Fi'ench nation. The decree of banishment was revoked in 1889. He died ilay 7, 1897, at Zucco, in Sicily. His wife, JIarie Caroline Auguste de Bourbon, daughter of Leopold, Prince of Salerno, whom he married in 1844, died in 1869, and in 1866 and 1872, he lost his two sons. Two volumes of his JJifstoirc des Princes de Condd were published in 1869. His pamphlet, Lettre mtr Vhistoire de France (April, 1861) excited a sensation by its attacks upon Napoleon III. and Prince Xapoleon. Among other publications is his ifs institutions militaires de la France (1867).

AUNE, fin. The French cloth-measure cor- responiling to the English ell. Both words are derived from the Lat. nlna. The English ell = 1% yards = 45 inches: the French aune usuelle (or novvelle) =1% meters = 47% inches Eng- lish. The old aune was a little shorter.

AUN'GEEVILLE, Richard. See Bukt, Ricii.vRn UK.

AUNT PHIL'LIS'S CABIN. A story by Slary H. Eastman (1852), a reply to Uncle Tom's Cahin.

AU'RA (Lat. aura, air). Any subtle, invisi- ble fluid, supposed to flow from a body; an effluvium or exhalation, as the aroma of flowers or the odor of the blood.

AUEAM'IN. See Coal-T.r Colors.

AURANGABAD, ou-rrtn'g.i-bad' (Aiirung- zebe + Hind., Pers. abnd. abode, dwelling, town). A city of Hyderabad. India, on the Dudna. an affluent of the Godavari, 234 miles east of Bom- bav bv rail, and 67 miles northeast of Ahmednagar (Map: India, C 5). It has a considerable trade in grain and cotton. Its notable monuments comprise the great mosque, the mausoleum of Aurungzebe's daughter, the ruins of the palace or citadel, and five sculptured caves. The city was founded in 1620: under Aurungzebe it became the capital of the Decean and a city of great importance. After the transference of the capital to Hyderabad its importance declined and its population decreased from 100.000 to 33,887 iu 1801.

AURAN'TIA. See Coal-Tae Colors.

AU'RATES. The salts of auric acid (q.v.).

AURE’LIAN, or Rome ix the Third Cen- TL'RY. An historical romance by William Ware, first published as I'robus (1838).

AURE'LIA’NUS, Lucius Domitius (c.212- 275 A.D. ). One of the most powerful of the later Kouum emperors. He was of humble origin, his father having been a husbandman. Enlisting early as a common soldier, he rapidly distin- guished himself, and held the highest military offices under Valerianus and Claudius 11. Cn the death of Claudius (.d. 270), Aurelianus was elected Emperor by the army. He began his reign by vigorous opposition to the barbarian luthungi and AUemanni, whom he expelled. Thereafter, he commenced the erection of a new line of fortified walls around Rome, which were not comidcted till the reign of Prolnis (A.D. 276). Their ruins still mark the boinidarics of Rome in the time of Aurelian. Finding that the Province of Dacia (now Trans.vlvania and Wal- lachia) could not be maintained against the as- saults of the Goths, he surrendered it, on cer- tain conditions, and strengthened the frontier of tlie Roman Empire bv making the Danube its boundary. He next turned his attention fo the East, where the renowned Queen of Palmyra. Zenobia ( q.v. ). had extended her sway from Syria to Asia Minor and Eg;'pt. Aurelianus de- feated her in two battles, and bcseiged her in Palmyra, from which she attempted to escipe, when she saw defiance would prove unavailing. She was. however; taken prisoner. Soon afterward, the city surrendered and was treated leniently. Shortly after Aurelianus had departed, a new in- surrection took place. He returned in 273 and gave the splendid city up to destruction. Aurelia- nus was again called to the East by a rebellion in Egypt, instigated by Firmus, a merchant of ';reat influence, whom he speedily overthrew. In 274, Tetricus. who had held imperial power in Gaul since before the death of Gallienus, find- ing himself unable to wield it. surrendered it to Aurelianus. By restoring good discipline in *he army, order in domestic affairs, and political unity to the Roman dominions. Aurelianus merited the title awarded to him by the Senate, "Restorer of the Roman Empire." He fell as the victim of a conspiracy among his nflicials during his campaign against the Persians (A.I). 275).

AURELIAN, Wall of. A massive wall begun by .urelian in A.n. 271 as a defense against the barbarians, and completed under Probus. It was about 54 feet in heiglit. nearly 12 miles long and inclosed an area of 501(1 square miles. The wall was built in great haste and includes the remains of buildings and garden-walls, some with statues in their original niches. This method of construction has made possible the recovery of a