Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/287

AUGUSTINIANS. wear shoes, wlienee they were ealled tlificalreati, (ir 'liarefooted friars.' At the time of the tli.sso- liitidii of the moiiasterios of Henry Vlll., they had 32 houses in England. Xow there is one, and (here are 12 in Seothmd. There are l(i convents and liouses in the United States. The degeneraey of the Order in the Fourteenth Century ealled into existence new or reformed Augustinian societies, among which was that Saxon one to which Luther belonned. After l.uther had abandoned the Order, and entered upon his course of opposition to the Catholic Church, he did not spare his denunciations of l.is former brethren. After the French Kevo- Intion the Order was wholly suppressed in France, Spain, and Portugal, and partly in Italy and southern Germany. It has diminished even in -Vustria and Naples, but is still jjowerful in ieriea.

The name of Augustinians was given also to an order of nuns who claimed descent from a convent founded by Saint Augustine at Hippo, of which his sister was the first al)bess. They were %owed to the care of the sick and the ser- vice of hospitals. For the English Augustin- ians consult: Clark, Customs of the Augustin- ian Canons (Cambridge, Eng., 1897); Angus- tininn Priories of linint Giles and Saint AndreiP at Harnicrll. Cambridgeshire, Obserrances There (London. 1897).

AUGUSTOWO, ou'giis-to'vu, or AUGUS- TOW. A town of Paissian Poland, in the Gov- ernment of Suwalki, ea])ital of a circle of the same name, on the Xetta, a feeder of the Bug, 1.38 miles northeast of Warsaw (Map: Russia, H 4). It was foimded by Sigismund Augustus, King of Poland, in 15-57. It has fisheries, lum- ber interests, and some trade in horses and cat- tle. Population, in 188.5, 10,300: in 1897, 12,700.

AUGUS'TULUS, Romitius. The last Emperor of the western portion of the Roman Empire. His name was Augustus, but the diminutive title under which he is universally known was given him by the Romans on account of the essential pettiness of his character. He was the son of Orestes, a Pannonian of birth and wealth, who rose to high rank under the Emperor Julius Xepos, whose favor he repaid by stirring up the barbarian troops in the pay of Rome to mutinj' against him. On the flight of the Emperor, Orestes conferred the vacant throne on his son, .ugustulus (A.D. 470), retaining all sul)stantial jiinver in his own hands. Orestes, failing to con- ciliate the barbarians, who had helped him against Nepos, with a grant of the third of the lands of Italy, was besieged in Pavia. by a large force under the command of Odoacer (q.v), and on the capture of the town was put to death. Augustulus yielded at once, and being of too little consequence to be put to death, he was dis- missed to a villa near Naples, with an annual pension of 0000 gold solidi. His after-fate is unknown.

AUGUS'TUS (by birth Gaius Octavius; after his adoption by Ca-sar, Gaius Iulius C.4:SAR Octavianus; by decree of the Senate, in li.c. 27, Augustus) (b.'c. 6.3 - a.d. 14). The first Roman Emperor. He was the son of Octavius and Attia (daughter of Julia, the youngest sister of Julius C^sar). He was born September 23, II. C 63. The Octavian family came originally from Velitra'. in the country of the Volsci. and Uie branch from which .Augustus descended was rich and honoraljlc. His father had risen to the rank of senator and pra'tcu", but died in the prime of life, when Augustus was only four years old. Augustus was carefully educated in Rome under the guardianship of his mother and his stepfather, Lucius Marcius Philippus. At the age of 12 .Vugustus delivered a funeral ora- tion over his grandmother; at 16 he received the toga virilis. The talents of the youth recommended him to his grand-uncle, .Julius Ca?sar, who adopted Augustus as his son and heir in B.C. 45. At the time of CiEsar's assassination (March 15, B.C. 44), Augustus was a student under the celebrated orator Apollodorus, at Apollonia, in Hlyricum, where, however, he had been sent chiefly with a view to gain practical instruction in military affairs. lie returned to Italy, and at his landing at Brundisium. was welcomed by deputies from the veterans there assembled ,- but, declining their offers, he chose to enter Rome privately. The city was at this time divided between the two parties of the Republicans and the friends of Jlarcus Antonius; but the latter had, by adroit manoeuvres, gained the ascend- ancy, and enjoyed almost absolute power. Au- gustus was at first haughtily treated by the consul, who refused to surrender the property of C;psar. After some fighting ( JIutinensian War), which ended in the defeat of Antonius by the forces of the Senate, and his flight across the Alps, Augustus, who had made himself a favorite Avith the people and the army, succeeded in get- ting the will of .Julius CiEsar carried out. He found an able friend and advocate in Cicero, who had at first regarded him with contempt. The- great orator, while imagining that he was labor- ing in behalf of the Republic, was in fact only an instrument for raising Augustus to supreme power. When Antonius returned from CJaul with I.epidus, Augustus joined theni in establishing a triumvirate. He obtained .friea, Sardinia, and Sicily; Antonius, Ciaul; and Lepidus, Spain. Their power was soon made absolute by the mas- sacre of those unfriendly to them in Italy, and by the victories over the Republican "army, commanded by Brutus and Cassius. After the battle of Philippi, won by Augustus and .An- tonius, of which the former unjustly claimed all the credit, whereas it mainly belonged to the lat- ter, the triumvirs made a " new division of the provinces — Augustus obtaining Italy, and Lepi- dus, Africa. The Perusian War, excited by Ful- via, wife of Antonius, seemed likely to lead to a contest between Augustus and his rival, but was- ended by the death of Fulvia, and the subse- quent marriage of Antonius with Octavia, sister of Augustus. Shortly afterwards, the claims of Sextus Pompeius and Lepidus having been set- tled by force and fraud, the Roman world was divided between Augustus and Antonius, and a contest for supremacy began between them. 'hile Antonius was lost in luxurious dissipation at the court of Cleopatra, Augustus w^as indus- triouslj' striving to gain the Icve and confidence of the Roman people, and to damage his rival in public estimation. At length war was declared against the Queen of Egypt, and at the naval battle of Actium (q.v.), B.C. 31, Augustus was victorious, and became sole ruler of the whole Roman world. Soon afterwards Antonius and Cleopatra ended their lives by suicide. The son of Antonius, by Fulvia, and C.Tsarion, son of