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AUFRECHT. University of Berlin. He early devoted himself to Oriental research, and at the age of twenty-five published a treatise on Sanskrit accent (Bonn, 1847). In collaboration with Kirchhoff, he issued Die umbrischen Denkmäler (1849-51), and with Adalbert Kuhn he founded the Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (1852). In 1862 he was appointed professor of Sanskrit and comparative philology at the University of Edinburgh, which in 1875 conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. Shortly afterwards he left Scotland, and accepted a professorship at Bonn, resigning his position in 1889. Among Dr. Aufrecht's many contributions to linguistic science, the most important are an edition of the Rigveda in English letters, Ujjvaladatta's Commentary, from a manuscript in the library of the East India House (1859), Aitareya Brahmana'' (1879); and Catalogus Catalogorum, An Alphabetical Register of Sanskrit Works and Authors (Leipzig, Part I., 1891; Part II., 1896).

AUGARTEN, (Ger. Aue, meadow + Garten, garden). A park in Vienna, once noted for its musical associations. Mozart, in 1782, was instrumental in starting concerts there, and it has been the scene of many musical first nights. It was opened in 1775 by Joseph II., and is laid out in the old French style.

AUGE, .a'je. See Teiephus.

AU'GEAS (Gk. Avy^as, Avyda^. Atirjeias). The son of Helios. Eleios, or Poseidon, and Hyrmina or Iphiboe. He was King of Elis, and renowned for his wealth in oxen, of which he fed 3000 head in his staldes. The cleansing of these stables, from the accumulations of years, in a single day, was one of the labors imposed on Hercules by Eurys- theus. The hero bargained with Augeas for a tenth of the oxen as his reward, and then turned the rivers Alpheus and Peneus through the mass of ordure, thus accomplishing his prorai.se. When Augeas refused to pay the stipulated wages, a war ensued and Augeas was slain by Hei'acles. The fable of the Augean stables serves as an allusion to jiolitical corruption. See Her- cules.

AUGEREAU, uzh'rfi', Pierre Francois Charles, Duke of Castiglione (1757-lSlfi). A marshal and peer of France. He was born at Paris, and after serving some time in the French carabineers, he entered the Neapolitan service, in which he remained until 1787, when he settled in Naples as a fencing-master. With other French residents he was banished from that city in 1792, and immediately volunteered in the French Revolutionary Array. In less than three years he was made general of a brigade. In Bonaparte's Italian campaign of 1790 he greatly distinguished liimself in the field and in council. He took an active part in the battles of Millesimo, Ceva, Lodi, Castiglione, (from which he received his title), Roveredo and Bassano. In 1797 he was appointed to the command of the Army of the Rhine; but within a few months the Covincil of Five Hundred, not liking the spirit he disjdayed there, made him commander of the Tenth Division, at Per- pignan. This post he resigned in 1799. when he was elected to the Council of Five Hun- dred. In 1800 he received the command of the army in Holland, and was active in several en- gagements. In 1804 he was made a marshal. He fought at Wetzlar, Jena, Eylau, in Italy (1809), in S]iain (1810), and at Leipzig (181.3). Dur- ing the campaign of 1814 he disappointed the expectations of Naixdeon, who had placed great trust in him. Mistrusted by the restored Bourbons, he lived in retirement on his estate till his death in 1810. His character was far from admirable; he was rough, cruel, and selfish; lie plundered shamelessly, and bought plunder at reduced rates from his men. But he was a I)rilliant leader and a fearless soldier in the field.

AU'GERSHELL. The general English name of gastropod mollusks of the family Terebridae, suggested by their elongated, sharply pointed spiral form, and solid substance (see Plate of Abalone, etc.). They appear by their dentition to be related to the cones and pleurotonies, but otherwise are very distinct, having a very small body and short siphon, proportionately, with the foot short and rounded in front and elongated behind, tipped with a small operculum. They are carnivorous, and the eyes in many species are al- most invisible, and in all are borne upon minute stalks. Jlore than 200 species are known, most of which are inhabitants of the tropical seas and of the South Pacific. The shells are slender, acuminate, sometimes several inches in length, and often very solid, with Hat whorls orna- mented with spiral sculpturing, and usually variegated with red, brown, and orange spots and stripes. They occur all the waj' from the shore to rather deep water, creeping on the bottom in search of prey. The history of the family goes back to the Miocene period. For illustration see Abalone, etc.

AU'GERWORM'. The larva of the British goat-moth (q.v.).

AUGIER, 6'zhy.a'. Emile (1820-89). Prob- ably the greatest French dramatist of the Nine- teenth Century. When comedy was in danger of being stified between the vaudeville of Scribe and the sensational drama of the Romanticists, he, with the younger Dumas, raised it to a more vigorous, realistic life, and a truer contemporary morality than it had known since !Moli6re. Augier was born at Valence. September 17, 1820, and at first practiced law; but he inherited from his grandfather. Pigault-Lebrun. a prolific though mediocre novelist, a bent for literature, and, wrote while still in a notary's study Charles VII. a yaples, which was a failure. La eigne, acted in 1844, showed promise, and was approved by Ponsard (q.v.). It achieved success, and de- cided the dramatist's career. It was a Greek play, graceful, witty, and like Le joueiir de ffnte, writ- ten also at this time, though not acted until 1850, it pleads, in easy verse, the cause of the courtesan redeemed by love, which his later prose dramas eloquently condemn. L'arentnrierc (1848) presents the same theme in a French setting, and was rewritten to suit his later position in 1860. He was still feeling his way, and is next found collaborating with Alfred de Musset in L'hahit I'ert (1849). a trifle, and. like Le posiseriptum (1809), a failure. Then, with GahrieUe (1849), begins Augier's second manner. In this 'domestic drama' he becomes the champion of average, conventional ethics, allaying the calculations of interest to the language of sentiment, as the Romanticists had never done. From this position Diane (1852) shows a momentary recoil, Philiherte (18,53) a slight advance, and La pierre de tonche (18.53) a decided progress, thanks, per-