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AUDUBON. , 80 of which are in America) is now worth about $2000. No reading matter accompanied these plates, but this was prepared later, and published in Edinburgh, from 1831 to 1839, in five successive volumes, entitled Ornithological Biography, the technical part of which was prepared by William McGillivray. Several editions and reprints, with reduced drawings, were made subsequently, of which the most important was the octavo edition of 1844, entitled Birds of America. A complete account of these combined works, and of all Audubon's other ornithological writings, is given in the appendix to Elliott Coues's Birds of the Colorado Valley (Washington, 1898). The years from 1830 to 1842 were spent in almost incessant travel in all accessible parts of the United States and Canada in search of new materials, or else in Europe, attending to the publication and sale of his great work. In 1842, however, Audubon purchased an estate on the bank of the Hudson River, now included within the city of New York, where a beautiful home was established for himself and his sons, Victor and John Woodhouse, and their families. In 1843, Audubon made a fruitful journey to the upper Missouri River region, the results of which were included in the first octavo edition of his Birds of America (1844). Thenceforth he devoted his energies mainly to the preparation of a standard work on American mammals, for which his sons not only collected much material, but for which John drew half of the colored plates; while John Bachman contributed technical and other parts. It was published in New York as Audubon and Bachman's Quadrupeds of North America, the first volume dated 1846 and the last 1853-54.

Audubon failed rapidly after 1847, gradually lost the use of his mind, died in 1851, and was buried in Trinity Cemetery, New York, close to his home woods, which now form a beautiful district called Audubon Park. As a man he was endowed with a hardy and most attractive frame, a most winning disposition, and a brilliant, poetic mind, animated by untiring enthusiasm. He was not learned in science, nor an artist in any broad sense of the term; but his work has been a source of immense pleasure and inspiration.

The best and fullest biography of him is by his granddaughter, Maria R. Audubon, entitled Audubon and His Journals, with zoölogical and other notes by Elliott Coues (2 vols., New York, 1897). A previous Life of John James Audubon, the Naturalist (New York, 1869) was written by another relative, Lucy Audubon. Still earlier is Buchanan's Life and Adventures of J. J. Audubon (2d ed., New York, 1864), which contained many errors and was not approved by his family.

AUE, ou ' e. (c.1170-1210). A German minnesinger. He was the retainer of a Swabian knight, and is said to have had an exceptional education for a layman. He took part in the crusade of 1190, and is celebrated in the Tristan und Isolde of Gottfried von Strassburg and in the Krone by Türlin. His earliest poem seems to have been Erec (about 1190). Among his other productions are: Gregorius vom Steine; Der arme Heinrich (his most popular work); Iwein, oder der Ritter mit dem Löwen.

AUE. A town in the Circle of Zwickau, Saxony, Germany, at the confluence of the Mulde and the Schwarzwasser, 18½ miles southeast of Zwickau by rail. It is a railway junction and a busy industrial centre. It has five public buildings and its institutions include a technical school in connection with the tin industry. Population, in 1900, 15,230.

AUENBRUGGER, ou ' en-brụg'ẽr, or AUENBRUGG, ou ' en-brụg, (1722-1809). A Viennese physician who introduced the method of percussion diagnosis &mdash; that is, the method of applying the ear to the chest and noting the sounds that follow a stroke of the hand on the patient. He published the results of his important investigation in a treatise entitled Inventum Novum ex Percussione Thoracis Humani Interni Pectoris Morbos Detegendi (1761), which marks an epoch in the modern history of medicine. The book attracted little attention until it was translated and illustrated by Corvisart in 1808. He also wrote two treatises on insanity.

AUER, ou'ẽr,, Ritter von (1813-69). An Austrian printer. He was born at Wels, in Upper Austria, and was trained in a printing establishment of his native town to be a compositor. During his scanty leisure moments he studied French, Italian, English, and other languages, in which he underwent an examination in 1835 and 1836 before the University of Vienna. In October, 1837, he was appointed professor of Italian in the Gymnasium of Linz, in Upper Austria. In 1839 he set out on his travels through Germany, Switzerland, France, and England, collecting materials for his favorite art. From 1841 to 1868 he was director of the Imperial printing office at Vienna, which under his management became one of the largest establishments of the kind in Europe. He was prolific in typographical inventions and made known a photographic discovery, &lsquo;spontaneous impression,&rsquo; in Die Entdeckung des Naturselbstdrucks (1854); published Die Sprachenhalle oder das Vaterunser in 608 Sprachen, with Roman types (1844); and Das Vaterunser in 206 Sprachen, with their national alphabets (1847). See.

AUER, (1845&mdash;). A violinist, born at Veszprim, Hungary, and educated at the Conservatory of Budapest and at Vienna. From 1863 to 1865 he was concert master at Düsseldorf, and from 1866 to 1868 he held the same position at Hamburg, under Stockhausen. Afterwards he became professor at the Conservatory of Saint Petersburg and violin soloist to the Russian court. In 1887, he became director of the symphonic concerts given by the Imperial Musical Society of Russia. He is considered one of the foremost violinists of the day, his playing being characterized by extraordinary technical skill, depth of conception, and remarkable beauty of tone. His concert tours have been very successful.

AUERBACH, ou'ẽr-bä G, (1812-82). A German novelist, born at Nordstetten. He was the founder of the contemporary German &lsquo;tendency novel,&rsquo; in which fiction is used as a means of influencing public opinion on social, political, moral, and religious questions. Auerbach was of humble, Jewish parentage, but had a liberal education at Tübingen, Munich, and Heidelberg, and was a close student of Spinoza,