Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/276

AUDITORY. The auditory nerve leaves the cranial cavity, in company with the facial nerve, by means of the internal meatus. At the bottom of the meatus the two divisions of the nerve separate, the vestibular branch passing to the vestibule and semicircular canals, the cochlear branch passing to the cochlea. Within the meatus the auditory nerve is connected by one or two filaments with the facial. See.

AUDLEY, ad'li. A manufacturing town in Statfordshire, England, 4½ miles west of Newcastle-under-Lyme (Map: England, D 3). Population, in 1891, 12,600; in 1901, 13,700.

AUDLEY, or AUDELEY, Sir (c. 1316-69). An English knight. In 1346 he went to France in the retinue of Edward III. and the Black Prince, and in 1351 participated in the naval combat with the Spaniards off Sluis. At the battle of Poitiers (September 19, 1356), he fought with signal valor at the fore- front of the English Army, until overcome by wounds. For his bravery he received an an- nuity from the Black Prince, who also in 1362 appointed him Governor of Aquitaine. Later he became great-seneschal of Poitou. He was one of the original knights-companions of the Order of the Garter, instituted by Edward III.

AUDLEY, Baron  (1488-1544). An English lord chancellor under Henry VIII. He was chosen Speaker of the Commons in 1529, was made a knight and Keeper of the Great Seal in 1532, and became Lord Chancellor in 1533, succeeding Sir Thomas More, at whose trial he presided. He also conducted the trials of Bishop Fisher, of the supposed accomplices of Anne Boleyn, and of the paramour of Queen Catherine Howard. Throughout his public life he was little more than a tool in the hands of the King and his minister, Cromwell.

AU'DOE'NUS, See.

AUDOUIN, lidijo-aN', (1797-1841). A French naturalist, born in Paris. With Dumas and Brongniart he began the Annals of Natural Science in 1824, and with Milne-Edwards made researches on crustacea and annelida. He was professor of entomology in the Museum of Natural History in Paris, and in 1838 became a member of the Academy of Sciences. He was also the founder and first president of the Entomological Society. He investigated, at the request of the Government, the injuries done to vine and silk culture by insects, and contributed a great number of reports and papers on this subject. He also contributed the part on insects in Cuvier's Règne animal.

AUDRAN, o'dniN', (1842-91). A French composer. He was born at Lyons; studied music in Paris, and in 1861 followed his father, a teacher at the Conservatory of Marseilles, to that city, where he became choral director at the Church of Saint Joseph. He returned to Paris in 1881, and collaborated with MM. Chivol and Duru on a number of comic operas, of which the following are the most important: La mascotte (1881), a great success; Olivette, Le Grand Mogol (1884); Miss Helyett (1890); and La poupée.

AUDRAN, (1640-1703). One of the most celebrated engravers of the French school. He was born at Lyons; studied under his father, and at Rome under Carlo Maratti, and acquired a high reputation by his engraving of Pope Clement IX. He was then recalled to France by Colbert, and appointed engraver to Louis XIV. His masterpieces are a series of engravings illustrating the battles of Alexander, after the paintings of Lebrun. He published a work entitled Les proportions du corps humain (1683).

AUDREY, a̤'drĭ. (1) A shepherdess in Shakespeare's pastoral comedy, As You Like It. Her relations, as the untutored child of nature, with Touchstone, the motley of a court, form some of the most diverting scenes of the play. (2) A character in Jonson's comedy, A Tale of a Tub. (3) The title of a popular novel by Mary Johnston (1902).

AUDREY,. See.

AUDUBON,, (1780-1851). An American naturalist. He was born at Mandeville, in Louisiana, then a Spanish colony, on May 5, 1780, and died January 27, 1851. This date of his birth, however, is merely a tradition; and probably he was born some years before that. His father was a wealthy French naval officer, who owned estates in Santo Domingo; his mother, a Spanish Creole. His childhood and youth were spent in France, where he was educated, and where he was given instruction in drawing by the painter David. In 1798 he came to America and settled on a farm on the Perkiomen River, near Philadelphia. His father had acquired the property during the Revolutionary War, and now gave it to him. Here he lived ten years, collecting and sketching birds, and applying himself otherwise merely to field sports and social enjoyment. In 1808 he married Lucy Bakewell, the daughter of a neighbor, an Englishman, and at once migrated to the West. After passing ten years in a vain effort to establish himself in business in Kentucky and Louisiana, and finally losing all his property, he was reduced to supporting himself by drawing portraits, and even teaching dancing and fencing. This came about from his persistent inattention to business, which was constantly neglected, as he acknowledges in his autobiographic memoranda, for the sake of pursuing his studies and drawings in natural history, or merely for the pleasures of hunting, fishing, and wandering in the woods. No deepening of his difficulties could cure him of his heedlessness, or cause him to forego any opportunity to add to his knowledge or series of drawings of birds.

In 1824 his projects were forwarded by a visit to Philadelphia, where he first became known to the intellectual society of the country and his abilities were recognized. Two years more of painting, teaching, and study, aided by his wife, enabled him to go to England to try to carry out his long-cherished plan of publishing his drawings of birds in a complete series of life-sized colored figures. He interested a sufficient number of subscribers to enable him to begin in London, in 1827, the publication in folio parts, at two guineas each, of his Birds of America, which excelled anything of the sort then extant. About five were then issued annually until its completion, in 1838, in 87 parts, containing 435 plates, giving 1065 figures. A complete good copy (of which about 175 sets are supposed to be in