Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/18

ARIUS.  ultimately prevailed, most slowly among the Longobards, who retained the Arian creed until 662. The Arian controversy has never excited any great interest in modern times; yet among Englishmen John Milton was at least a semi-Arian, and it was revived for a time by the writings of the learned Dr. Samuel Clarke (1675-1729), and also by William Whiston (1667-1752). More recently, a part of the Arian doctrine, the denial of “the eternal sonship,” was broached in the Wesleyan Methodist Church by Dr. Adam Clarke (1762-1832) and a few followers; but it was soon suppressed by the conference. Pure Arianism can now hardly be said to exist. It has gradually lapsed into Unitarianism. Consult: H. Kölling, Geschichte der arianischen Häresie von Nikäta [325] bis Konstantinopel [381] (Gütersloh, 1875-83); J. Gummerus, Die homöusianische Partei bis zum Tode des Konstantius (Leipzig, 1900). See ; .  AR′IZO′NA (probably from North American Indian Arizonac, small or few springs). A Territory of the southwestern United States, bounded on the north by Utah, on the south by Mexico, on the east by New Mexico, and on the west by California and Nevada (Map:, west half, C 4). It lies between latitudes 31° 20′ and 37° N, and longitudes 109° 3′ and 114° 54′ W. It is about 350 miles square, and contains 113,020 square miles, only 100 of which are under water. Compared with States and other Territories, it ranks sixth in area and forty-ninth in population.

. The extension northwestward of the Mexican Cordilleras, which rises beyond the Colorado River in the Sierra Nevada, divides Arizona diagonally into two regions—a southwestern part of low elevation, and a northeastern part consisting of an elevated plateau. The whole Territory, however, is moimtainous in the form of short, isolated ranges having a general northwest-southeast trend, which are abrupt, sterile, and gashed by deep canons and dry water-courses. In the south these mountains rarely reach 3000 feet in height, but in the central line of elevations they are more continuous and lofty, many summits approaching 10,000 feet (Thomas Peak, 11,496; Ord Peak, 10,266; Bill Williams Mountain, 9264; Mount Logan, 7700; Mount Tipton, 7364; Mount Dellenbaugh, 6756, etc.). The highest mountains in the Territory are in the isolated San Francisco Range, in the northern central part, the apex of which reaches 12,794 feet. From these central elevations the Territory slopes rapidly away nearly to sea level in the Gila Valley. The northeastern half of the Territory consists of a broken, cañon-cut, hill-studded, arid table-land, the average altitude of which is over 5000 feet above the sea, with many large areas from 6500 to 8000 feet. The few, and often intermittent rivers, which drain this arid region, serving more as the conduits of sudden rainstorms than as living water-courses, run in narrow cañons, in some cases a mile or more deep. The Rio Colorado (see ) traverses the northwest corner of the Territory in such a gorge, and then, turning to the south, becomes the western boundary of Arizona to near its mouth. Its few tributaries, of which the Little Colorado in the north alone is important, reach the river through similar cañons. The whole scenery of this northwestern part of the Territory is that of a rough, rocky, dry region, interrupted by steep-sided gorges and scarp-fronted mesas and barren mountains, more or less covered with bunch-grass and scattered, stunted trees. The southern part of the Territory is, on the whole, even more desert-like in appearance, and all the water-courses (most of which are dry except for a short time after rains) lead downward to the Gila, a broad, shallow river flowing into the Colorado near its mouth. The mountains here are mainly of volcanic origin. The only other rivers in Arizona worth mentioning are the Rio Santa Maria and Sandy, which unite in the central western region to form Bill Williams Fork, which enters the Rio Colorado near latitude 34° N., and the Virgin, in the extreme northwest corner of the Territory.   The climate of Arizona is, on the whole, dry and healthful, and it has the largest number of clear days of any part of the Union. The northern plateau region has a mean annual temperature of about 45° F., which is almost the same as that of many of the Northern States, but without their extremes; the rainfall here is approximately twenty inches per annum. In the lower lands of the southern half of the Territory the mean temperature is about that of New Orleans (69° F.). The rainfall, however, is much less than that in the northern section, scarcely exceeding an average of five inches per annum—the heaviest fall (about thirteen inches) being in the district of Tucson. The soil varies from light loam to heavy, dense adobe. In many places along the rivers it is very productive when supplied with water. Elsewhere it is alkaline and lacking in nitrogen and humus matter, the flora and fauna are those of the region extending from southern California around to southwestern Texas. See , paragraph Flora;.

Northern Arizona consists of a vast series of Carboniferous and Mesozoic marine strata covered by a series of Tertiary lacustrine and terrestrial formations; in all, originally some 15,000 feet thick. A great uplift occurred during Eocene time, and subsequent erosion has carved the land surface into mountains and valleys. A second uplift with much volcanic action occurred about the close of Miocene time. In southern Arizona the changes were not so marked. The Territory has abundant deposits of valuable minerals, which are described below in the paragraph on Mining. In Navajo County, near Holbrook, whole trunks of trees to the thickness of four feet are found completely silicified and cracked into blocks of beautiful coloring which are of great value for ornamental purposes. See .

Arizona probably contains a larger proportion of ore and mineral-bearing land than any other member of the Union, but the lack of transportation facilities has prevented a normal development of the mining industry. In spite of this difficulty, however, mining has been undergoing a steady growth, and constitutes the most important industry of the Territory. Copper mining, in which Arizona ranks next to Michigan and Montana, is the most important. The Territory produces more than one-fifth of the total output of the United States. There has been a steady increase in the copper output of Arizona, rising from 23,874,903 pounds in 1883 to 