Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/145

ASHLAND. seven miles from Ashland. Population, in 1890, 948; in 1!M)0, 1147.

ASHLAND. A city and county - seat of Ashland County, Wis.. 185 miles northeast of Saint I'aul, Minn., on Chcquamejjon Bay, one of the finest harbors on Lake Superior (Map: Wis- consin, C 2). Steamers connect it with lake ports, and it is on the Wisconsin Central, the Chicago, Saint Paul. MinniM])iplis and Omaha, the North- ern Pacific, and the Chicago and Xorthwestern railroads. The city contains, among other nota- ble features, the 'aughn Public Library, North Wisconsin Academy, an opera house, a fine United States Government building ,ind post- oftice, and Knight Hotel. The Apostle Islands, in Cheqnamcgon Bay, are of historic and scenic in- terest. Industrial and commercial interests are represented by several lumber-mills, charcoal blast-furnaces, steel-plant, foundries and machine- shops (including railroad shops of the Chicago and Northwestern), pulp-works, brown-stone quarries, large wholesale houses, and extensive ore and merchandise docks. Ashland is one of the most important i)orts on the Great Lakes, the point from -nhicli the product of the iron mines of the Gogebic Range is shipped. Lumber, brown-stone, and the principal manufactured products also constitute extensive shipments. The government, under a charter of 1880, is vested in a mayor, elected every two years; a municipal council, and administrative officials whose appointment by tiie mayor is subject in certain cases to the consent of the council. Set- tled in 1854, Ashland was incorporated in 1863, and since 1870 has made rapid growth. It was chartered as a citv in 1887. Population, in 1890, 99.56: 1900, L3,07'4.

ASH'LAR. See Masonry.

ASH'-LEAVED' MA'PLE. See Box Elder.

ASH'LEY, Anthony Evelyn Melhoirne (1836 — ). An English statesman of the Lib- eral Party, fourth son of the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury. After his graduation at Trinity College. Cambridge, he «as called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and joined the Oxford Circuit. He was private secretarv to Lord Palmerston from 1858 to 1865, barrister of the Oxford Circuit from 1865 to 1874, and parlianientarv secretary to the Board of Trade from 1880 to 'l882. Jlr. Gladstone selected him (in 1882) to succeed Jlr. Courtne_y as under secretary of state for the colonies. He was also member of Parlia- ment from 1874 to 1885, when he was defeated in the Isle of Wight contest. In 1891 he was made a jirivy councillor. He is the author of The Life nf Henrij John Temple, Viscount Pahn- ertttdit.

ASHLEY, WiLLi.M .James (1860—). An Anglo-American educator. He was born in Lon- don, England, graduated at Balliol College, Ox- ford, in ISSl, was fellow of Lincoln College, .and lecturer in history at Lincoln and Corpus Christi in 1885-88, and profes.sor of constitutional his- tory and political economy at the University of Toronto in 1888-92. In 1892 he was appointed professor of economic history at Harvard Uni- versity. His publications include James and Philip van Arterelde ( 1883) : An Introduction to English Economic Hislori) and Theorf) ( 1888-93) ; and Hurvei/s. Historic and Economic (1900). He has also translated for the "Economic Classics" series, of which he was editor. Schnmllcr's Mcr- cantile .S'i/s/oh (1896) and Turgot's Reflections { 1.S98).

ASH'LEY COOP'ER. See Siiaftesbiry, Eakls of.

ASH'MEAD-BART'LETT, Sir Ellis (1849- 1902). An English statesman. He was born in Brooklyn. N. Y., the eldest son of Ellis Bartlett, a minister of Plymouth, Mass., and of Sophia, daughter of J. K. Ashmead, of Philadelphia. He received his education at Torquay and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was president of the Ox- foril Union. He graduated with high honors and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1877. He was member of Parliament from 1880 to 1885, in 1886, 1892, and 1895. and Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1885 to 1886, and from 1886 to 1892. He served in South Africa in 1900, and in the Cineco-Turkish War of 1897, when he was taken prisoner by a Gre»k warship, the eoin- maiider of which mistook him for a spy. He was knighted in 1892. He was a frequent speaker in the House, especially on foi'eign questions, and published The Battlefields of Thessaly (1897).

ASH'MOLE, Elias (1617-92). An English antiquary, founder of the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford University. He was born at Lichfield and became a lawyer. In the Civil War he favored the royalist side and held a commission in the army. About this time he became interested in the study of astrology and alchemy, and entered Brasenose College, Oxford, to study these sub- jects, together with physics and mathematics. He was one of the earliest of English Freemasons, having been initiated about 1646. With the Restoration, Ashmole received many court offices and honors. His later interests were almost en- tirely in antiquarian subjects. He received by bequest the collection of curiosities of John Tradescant, and with his own additions it was turned over to Oxford University in 1682. He was the author of Theatrum Chemicum (1652), a collection of ancient metrical treatises on alchemy; Institution, Laws, and Ceremonies of the Order of the Garter (1672) ; The Antiquities of Berkshire (3 vols.. 1719), and liis Diary (1717).

ASH'MOLE'AN MUSE'UM. A museum of antiquities at Oxford, founded by Elias Ashmole, and contained in a building erected by Christo- pher Vren in 1682. In the floor are some of the .rnnilcl Jlarbles. See Oxford University. ASH'MUN, George (1804-70). An American lawyer and politician, born in Blandford, Mass. He was admitted to t'lie bar in 1828, served for foiir terms in the Lower House of the Massachu- setts Legislature, and for one term in the State Senate, and was an influential member of Con- gress from 1845 to 1851. In 1860 he presided over the convention at Chicago, which nominated Lincoln for President.

ASHMUN, Jeiiudi (1794-1828). An Ameri- can missionary. He was born at Champlain, N. v., graduated at the University of Vermont in 1816, and was elected a professor in Bangor Theological Seminai-y (Congregational). He soon resigned, joined the Episcopal Church, and became editor at Washington of The Theological liepertorij. In this periodical he advocated the views of the African Colonization Society for founding a colony of liberated negroes oil the west coast of Africa. Soon he was appointed an agent of the Society, and in 1822 conducted a body of liberated negroes from Baltimore to