Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 02.djvu/124

ARUM. dix, which is naked at top and bears tlie pistil- late flowers at its base. The staminate flowers are placed just above the base. In .some of the species the spathes are highly colored and beau- tiful. These flowers are well known under the name 'calla.s.' A eoninion species in England is Arum maculatum. where it is known as enekoo- pint, wake-robin, etc. In the I'nited States there are a number of closely related genera, of which may he mentioned the Indian turnip (Arisirina triphylhim), the water arum {Callu priliixtris), and the skunk cabbage (Si/mplocnrpus freiidus) . The hatter is well known for its fetid odor. An allied form, Anthurium anclrcaniim, from Colom- bia, South America, with a large, brilliant, oiange-red spa the, is often cultivated. Consult A. L. P. and C. Decandolle. Monographic^ Fha- •nirogamarum. Vol. II. (Paris, 1878-79). For illustration, see Anemone; and Calla.

ARUNDEL, ar'un-del. A small municipal borough of Sussex, England, situated on the nav- igable river of Arun, about five miles from the coast. It has an old parish church, dating from the end of the Fourteenth Century ; but its chief interest centres in Arundel Castle, the former seat of the Earls of Arundel, which consists of an old Norman kec]) and a newly restored Gothic building. It was besieged twice during the Twelfth Century, and utterly ruined during the civil war of Charles I. It is now the residence of the Dukes of Norfolk. Population, in 1891, 2(144; in 1901, 2738.

ARUNDEL, Thomas (1.353-1414). Arch- bisliop of Canterbury in the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., and Henry V. He was born in Arundel Castle, Sussex, the present seat of the Dukes of Norfolk, and was the third son of Robert Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel and Warren. He be- came Archdeacon of Taunton ( 1373 ) by the Pope's appointment, and Bishop of Ely, in August of tlie same year. In 1388, he was, by the same authority, transferred to the arehiepiscopal see of York. He was Lord High Chancellor of Eng- land from 1380 to 1389, and from 1391 to 1396. In 1390 he was promoted by a Papal bull to the arehiepiscopal see of Canterbury. Having been banished the kingdom (1397) for taking a lead- ing part in the first attempt which was made to deliver the nation from the oppression of Richard II., he was honorably received at Rome, and at first favored by the Pope, Boniface IX. (1389-1404). but prejudiced by the representa- tions of Richard II., he deprived him of his see and transferred him to Saint Andrews in Scot- land. He did not return till 1399, and then was • reinstated at Canterbury. He cro™ed Henry IV. October, 1399, and served as his lord chan- cellor for a few days, again in 1407 and 1412. He was conscientioush' a bitter persecutor of the Lollards, the followers of Wiclif, and a cliief instrument in procuring the horrible act for the burning of heretics [ilr hrrrtirn comJiurfndo), passed in the reign of Henry IV. (1401). He even carried his bigotry so far as to soli<'it from the Pope a bull for digging up Wiclif's bones, wliich, however, was wisely refused him. He also procured a synodal constitution, which .forbade the translation of the Scriptures into the vulgar tongue. Am6ng others whom he caused to be convicted of heresy was Lord Cobham, one of the principal patrons of the new sect, at the coni- niencement of the reign of Ilenrv V., whose exe- cution, however, did not take place till 1417. He died at Canterbury, February 19, 1414.

ARUNDEL, Thomas Howard, Earl of (1592- 1040). An English art-collector, the first to make any large assemblage of works of art in England. He was born at Finchingfield (Es.sex), studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1617 was appointed a privy councillor of Scotland and Ireland, and in 1021 earl-marshal of England. In 1630 he executed an important diplomatic mission at the court of Vienna. He is best known for his collections of books and of works of the fine arts, including busts and statues, gems, and inscribed marbles. It is with these last, widely known as the 'Arundel Marbles' (q.v. ), and in particular with that called the Marmor Chronicon, or Parian Chronicle, that his name is. chiefly connected.

ARUNDEL HOUSE. ( 1 ) The famous Lon- don house of Lord Arundel, situated where Arundel, Howard. Norfolk, and Surrey streets now unite at the Strand. Here the Arundel marbles were placed when first exported by their new owner from Italy. During the turbulent times of Cliarles I. and Cromwell, it was often deserted, and the splendid statuary in its gardens was ])artially destroj-ed. (2) The house of Lord Arundel, in which Lord Bacon died in 1020. It stood near Highgate.

ARUNDEL MAR'BLES. The inscribed marbles in the collection of ancient sculptures and antiquities formed about the beginning of the Seventeenth Century by Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, and presented in 1607 to the University of Oxford, by his grandson, Henry Howard, afterwards Duke of Norfolk. The collection was formed for the Earl largely through the purchases of Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Petty, who traveled in Italy, Creece, and Asia Jlinor for this purpose. The most important inscription is the 'Parian Chronicle,' a slab of marble containing a large part of a chronicle of events in Greek (chiefly Athenian) history. It originally ex- tended from the reign of Cecrops, here reckoned as B.C. 1582. to B.C. 264, but the Arundel copy breaks off at B.C. 355. In 1897 another fragment, cov- ering the period from B.C. 336 to B.C. 299 was found on Paros. The unknown writer not only gives the Athenian archon in whose term the events recorded took place, but also the niunber of years before B.C. 204. This inscription, with others of the collection, was first pidilished in Mnrmora ArKiidrllifiiio, by .John Selden (1628), later in Marmora Oxoniensia bv Prideaux (Ox- ford, 1676). Chandler (Oxford,'l703), and Rob- erts (Oxford, 1791). The best edition is that of Boeekh. with full Latin commentary, in Corpus Inscriptionum (Ira'carum (Berlin, 1828-77). The new fragment is published in Mitteilungen des kaiserlicli. driitschcn archiiiolofiischen Insti- luts, Athenische Abteilung, Vol. XXIV. (Berlin, 1897). The nobleman whose name is associated with these ancient marbles is worthy of remembi-ance, independently of his general merits, as the first of his order in England who liberally encouraged the fine arts, and communicated the influence of his own taste and enthusiasm in their cultivation to a wide circle of imitators and successors.

ARUNDEL SOCI'ETY. A society founded in 1848 and named after the Earl of Arundel, the famous collector of the Arundel Marbles and one